Differential gastric ulceration in rats receiving shocks on either fixed-time or variable-time schedules.

Research suggests that predictable electric shocks produce less stress than unpredictable shocks. In this experiment, predictability was manipulated by using fixed-time (FT, predictable) and variable-time (VT, unpredictable) schedules of shock delivery. Rats receiving 3-mA, 1-s electric shocks on a FT 45-s schedule developed less gastric pathology than another group that was administered identical shocks on a VT 45-s schedule. It is argued that this finding represents a more subtle effect of predictability than has been obtained heretofore. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

High-field single electron emission rates and their influence onthe Paschen characteristics in compressed gases

By means of a newly developed statistical avalanche counting technique which enables high-field, single electron emission rates (SEERS) to be measured from unsparked freshly prepared surfaces having various thicknesses of oxide film, it is established for the first time that SEERS increases, for a given electric field, with an increase in the bulk modulus (hardness) of the material cathodes; also remarkably the thicker the oxide layer, the higher the SEERS. These trends are reflected in the Paschen sparking characteristics which show that the gaseous electric strength decreases with increase in the bulk modulus and increase of oxide layer thickness of the cathode material; and thus the increase in SEERS. This former trend is opposite to that established more than forty years ago. Other hitherto unobserved phenomena like a gas pressure effect, switching from a low to a high electron emission mode and vice versa, the influence of deliberate sparking and the total absence of spark conditioning are reported. Analysis of SEERS by the more successful Richardson-Schottky rather than the Fowler-Nordheim equation shows that the low electric field intensification factors derived increase with the bulk modulus of the cathode material and ultimately are determined by the polishing procedure     

空分设备长时间冷备用和冷启动操作总结

20000 m3/h空分设备长时间冷备用后再启动时,由于主换热器空气通道中存有固体二氧化碳,导致冷启动失败。后改变冷启动操作方案,成功启动空分设备。介绍空分设备长时间冷备用成功与否的决定因素,详细分析冷启动过程及遇到的问题,阐述第一次冷启动不成功的原因以及从中得到的冷启动操作经验。     

New explanation of the polarity effect in current collection

The phenomenon of unequal contact voltages at the positive and negative brushes of a sliding current-collection system has previously been explained as being ohmic in nature. Measurements are now presented which suggest that it is due instead to a change in surface potential difference at the metal-gas interface, which occurs even without sliding.     

Effects of naltrexone and signaling inescapable electric shock on nociception and gastric lesions in rats.

Two experiments, with 144 male Long-Evans hooded rats, examined the antinociceptive effects of signaled shock and its physiological underpinnings. In Exp I, Ss were exposed to 1 of 3 shock conditions: no shock, unsignaled shock, and signaled (by a 10-sec, 1,000-Hz tone) shock. In each condition, Ss were tested hourly in the absence of tones for nociception, with vocalization to shock used as the behavioral measure. Ss receiving signaled shocks had stomach ulcer scores intermediate between those of no-shock and unsignaled shock Ss. Signaled-shock Ss also displayed a pronounced vocalization antinociception effect. This suggested that signaled shock may be less aversive. Exp II investigated a possible role of endogenous opiate peptides in these effects. Ss received hourly injections of either the opiate antagonist naltrexone (7 mg/kg, ip) or saline. There were no significant effects of naltrexone on either stomach pathology or nociception scores. The same effects of signaled shock were obtained as in Exp I. It is concluded that the role of endogenous opiates in the effects of signaled shock seen here is minimal. (38 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Arc cathode craters on thin and thick oxide films on steel and copper

Contents Using scanning electron microscopy with magnifications up to 100,000X, the authors have recently established values for the arc cathode emitting site currents, current densities and site lifetimes on copper for a wide range of oxide films, showing that these and other parameters of the craters left by the emitting sites have a minimum or maximum at a particular oxide thickness.This paper describes the first similar investigation of stainless steel and of mild steel cathodes with varied oxide thickness. These new results for steel are compared with those for copper, and it is shown for both materials that whereas craters on relatively thick films form suddenly in nanoseconds, for 2.5 nm films they grow progressively larger over microseconds.

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Lichtbogen-Krater auf dünnen und dicken Oxydschichten bei Stahl- und Kupfer-Elektroden

Übersicht Durch Anwendung der Rastermikroskopie (mit Vergrößerungen bis 10⁵) konnten die Verfasser kürzlich Werte für Lichtbogen-Fußpunktströme, Stromdichten und Fußpunktverweilzeiten auf Kupferelektroden mit unterschiedlichen Oxydschichten feststellen. Dabei wurde gezeigt, daß diese und andere Parameter der zurückbleibenden Krater minimale oder maximale Werte bei bestimmten Oxydschichtdicken annehmen.Der vorliegende Beitrag berichtet über erste ähnliche Untersuchungen bei Stahlelektroden mit verschiedenen Oxydschichtdicken. Wie der Vergleich mit den Ergebnissen bei Kupferelektroden erkennen läßt, bilden sich in beiden Fällen die Krater auf dicken Schichten in wenigen Nanosekunden, während bei Schichten mit 2,5 nm Stärke ein Wachstum im Mikrosekundenbereich festzustellen ist.

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List of symbols I _s mean emitting site current - t _s mean emitting site lifetime - Z number of craters produced in timet - t arcing duration - Z _int number of craters in an interval of diameter - D _max maximum crater diameter - D _mc most common crater diameter - a _max area of largest crater - a _t total area of craters produced - k ₁ ,k ₂ constants respectively relatinga _max anda _t to arcing duration - N mean number of generations of craters per second - n mean number of co-existing craters in a single generation - I are current - k ₃ ,a constants in relation betweenZ and arcing duration - k ₄ ,b constants in relation betweenD _mc and arcing duration     

Identification of highly fucosylated N-linked oligosaccharides from the human parotid gland

The glycosylation of a number of constituents of human saliva is known to modify its biological roles, such as its lubricating properties and binding of microbial flora. Gillece-Castro et al. [Gillece-Castro, B. L., Prakobphol, A., Burlingame, A. L., Leffler, H. & Fisher, S. J. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 17358-17368] have proposed that the major glycan on the salivary proline-rich glycoproteins is a trifucosylated biantennary sugar with one difucosylated and one unfucosylated antenna. Furthermore, they proposed that the non-fucosylated antenna mediated adherence to a peridontal pathogen, Fusobacterium nucleatum. The detailed structures and roles of other highly fucosylated glycans that co-exist in the parotid gland are not fully known. In view of the influence of outer-arm fucosylation on carbohydrate recognition processes in general, this paper reports the use of a combination of HPLC (normal and reversed phase), matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionisation (MALDI) mass spectrometry and exoglycosidase digestions to dissect the detailed structures of the most abundant of these polyfucosylated glycans. For measurement of reversed-phase HPLC retention times, new calibration units were used which paralleled the glucose units used for normal-phase HPLC. These differed in that the difference in retention times were compared with those derived from a ladder of 2-aminobenzamide-labelled arabinose oligomers instead of the corresponding oligomers from partially hydrolysed dextran. Over sixty neutral sugars were identified from the parotid gland and many of these were additionally found substituted with sialic acid (both alpha2-3-linked and alpha2-6-linked) and sulphate. These glycans were mainly bi- and tri-antennary sugars with up to five and seven fucose residues respectively, containing fucose alpha1-3-linked to the outer-arm GlcNAc residues and alpha1-2-linked to the galactose. All fucosylated structures contained a core (alpha1-6-linked) fucose. The detailed structure of the trifucosylated biantennary glycan was confirmed, together with the structures of another 12 fucosylated biantennary glycans. Smaller amounts of hybrid and tetraantennary structures were also found and bisected glycans were shown to be constituents of parotid glycoproteins for the first time. Acidic glycans were mainly substituted with sialic acid. Most were monosialylated as the presence of fucose on the antennae was found to suppress the addition of extra sialic acid moieties. The possible functional significance of highly fucosylated N-glycans is discussed in relation to their modification of the availability of other non-reducing terminal monosaccharides for recognition processes.     

Classical interpretation of single electron emission rates (SEERS) at the origin, from oxide covered cathodes in compressed gas and vacuo insulation

In order to quantitatively interpret the previous experimental single electron emission rates (SEERS) obtained by Guile et al (1997), the Richardson/DushmanSchottky (1914) expression is extended by invoking the concept of multiple images of the emitted electron in the naturally occurring or grown oxide layer covering the metal cathode, first proposed by Silvester (1968) in another application. This leads to a new expression for the Schottky barrier lowering term being obtained, involving a converging infinite series of terms, solvable on a computer, and enables the SEERS to be computed for cathodes covered with varying thicknesses of oxide. Numerical agreement between applied theory and experiment is excellent and requires the postulated presence of electron multiplication-avalanching-in the oxide layer. This method can be further applied to the presence of liquid and/or solid dielectric insulation between oxide covered metal electrodes and can take into account the presence of the anode for small electrode spacings.