Occupational Factors and 5-Year Weight Change Among Men in a Danish National Cohort.

This study explored whether factors related to the work environment could predict changes in body mass index (BMI) and whether the effect of psychosocial factors was dependent on baseline BMI. The sample consisted of 1,980 male employees from the Danish National Work Environment Cohort Study. Changes in BMI between 1995 and 2000 were analyzed, by multiple regression, as a function of background variables and a series of occupational variables obtained in 1995. Age, baseline BMI, job insecurity, and psychological demands predicted changes in BMI. Job insecurity and high or low psychological demands increased the likelihood of weight gain among obese employees, whereas they increased the likelihood of weight loss among employees with a low BMI. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Coping style and social support in women suffering from cluster headache or migraine

BACKGROUND: Many clinical neurologists have considered cluster headache patients to differ from migraine patients as to behavioral patterns. There is, however, little empirical validation of such a differentiation. METHODS: Coping profiles and social networks were studied in patients suffering from two kinds of recurrent headache. Twenty-four female patients with cluster headache, aged 23-72 years, and 24 age-matched migraine patients with and without aura participated in the study. All female cluster patients treated at the neurologic clinic of the hospital were included, and consecutive outpatients, who had been referred to the policlinics for diagnosis and treatment, whose symptoms agreed with the IHS criteria for migraine and who had ages matching the cluster headache patients, participated in the study. RESULTS: In the semiprojective coping tests the cluster headache patients were found to be statistically significant more 'positive' as to their anticipated activities in the future compared to the migraine patients (p < 0.04). No other statistical differences were found between the two groups. Compared to randomly selected and age-matched referents in the population. cluster headache patients reported significantly poorer social support (p < 0.01), while no other difference was found when the migraine patients were compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that there are differences in perception of anticipated activities and social support between patients with cluster headache and migraine.     

Quantifying inequality in health in the absence of a natural reference group

When quantifying inequality in health, the excess fraction (i.e. the proportional reduction in the outcome in question that would occur if all groups had the same, lowest, risk rate) is an appealing measure. If the population contains a natural, healthiest reference group, the excess fraction is straightforward to estimate. In the absence of an a priori reference group, calculating the excess fraction requires reflection, since using the group with the lowest observed risk rate as reference can lead to erroneous conclusions. This paper proposes a simple simulation procedure for calculating the excess fraction, without fixing a reference group.     

Establishing a water information system for Europe: constraints from spatial data heterogeneity

Water information systems (WIS) are being developed for countries, international river basins and the European Union (EU), partly as a result of the requirements specified in the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD). The issue of whether and how these information systems should be integrated into the European Commission's water information system for Europe (WISE) is currently an open one. We present a discussion with regard to the challenges facing WISE development, with particular focus on the heterogeneity of spatial base data. In addition, an assessment of this heterogeneity is presented based on Swedish and English WFD reporting data, and on WISE‐relevant small‐scale European base datasets. Results show that WFD reporting data are based on incomparable methods and spatial analysis units, and that small‐scale data are transborder heterogeneous. Interpretation and international comparison of WFD results as well as their combination into a common WISE may therefore be largely constrained by spatial data heterogeneity.     

Nutrient transport scenarios in a changing Stockholm and M?laren valley region, Sweden.

Norrstr?m catchment, west of Stockholm, covers most of the M?laren valley. Provision of drinking water from Lake M?laren is an absolute precondition for continued growth in the region. Stockholm County's population is expected to increase by 600,000 people before 2030. Current climate change predictions anticipate significant temperature and precipitation increases. We implement the PolFlow model embedded in PCRaster for quantifying water and substances fluxes on the catchment scale over a 30-year time horizon. We formulate scenarios for changes in water quality and quantity due to climate change and population development. Results indicate a mild impact from climate change on surface flow rates but substantial effects on sub-surface residence times. Population development slightly affects nutrients loads. Using source apportionment and sensitivity analysis, we identify a number of critical parameters/processes to be further studied, in order for future results to be more reliable and usable in a water resources management context.     

Zircaloy cladding mechanical properties

This paper is concerned with life-limiting aspects of the Zircaloy cladding material, with emphasis on the fuel-clad interaction type of failure. The tensile test and creep properties and the changes of these due to neutron irradiation are reviewed. A section on high temperature properties of interest in loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) analysis is also included. The paper is concluded with a discussion of the optimum choice of cladding material properties and the basis of the data reviewed.     

酸洗和固溶处理对不锈钢抗点蚀性能的影响

研究了酸洗和固溶处理对８种不锈钢筋电阻对焊接头抗点蚀能力的影响。研究发现,酸洗和因咱都有效地改善和恢复不锈钢电阻对焊接头的抗点蚀性能。对于普通双相钢,固溶处理比酸洗能更有产地改善接头的抗点蚀性能,并无晶粒粗化。对于奥氏体钢和超纸奥氏体风,固溶处理的效果不及酰洗,且会引起母材晶粒粗化。对含Ｍｏ含Ｎ较高钢种的对焊接头,两者的更佳,尤其是两者综合处理后的接头,其临界点蚀温度ＣＰＴ其至高于对应母材经酸洗以     

MR imaging of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in health and disease. On the vascular pathogenesis of communicating hydrocephalus and benign intracranial hypertension

The CSF flows in the aqueduct and at the foramen magnum were examined in 5 patients with communicating hydrocephalus (HC) and in 10 with benign intracranial hypertension (BIH) as well as in 5 healthy volunteers. As compared to normal individuals, the aqueductal flow in HC was about 10 times larger and the cervical flow was half as large. In BIH the CSF flows were not different from those of normal volunteers. The decreased arterial expansion as reflected in the reduced cervical flow in HC may be due to pathologic changes in the arteries and paravascular spaces. The large aqueductal flow in HC reflects a large brain expansion, causing increased transcerebral mantle pressure gradient and ventricular dilatation. In BIH there is a normal brain expansion (aqueductal flow) and consequently no ventricular dilatation. It is argued that BIH be caused by an obstruction on the venous side, as opposed to the vascular alterations in HC, which are on the arterial side.     

Assessment of remotely sensed and statistical inventories of African agricultural fields

This paper critically examines different sources of remotely sensed and statistical inventories of African agricultural fields. Substantial discrepancies are found across alternative sources of information in both the extent and location of agricultural fields. In one‐third of the countries, the difference between lowest and highest field extent estimate exceeds 25% of the total country area, and the maximum difference at the continental level is 2.6 million km². Much of the disagreement between land‐cover maps arises from areas of low cropping density. These inconsistencies have important implications when using these data directly, e.g. for the assessment of land cover changes, or indirectly in economic or physical models, and indicate a need to explicitly quantify uncertainties arising from the limitations in land‐cover data. They also highlight the need for development of regional land information systems for baseline development and informed policy decisions.