Comparison of WISC and WISC-R regression lines for academic prediction with Black and with White referred children.

Regression lines for the prediction of Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT) scores by WISC and Revised WISC (WISC-R) Full Scale IQs were compared across race, by the Potthoff technique, for 36 Black and for 30 White referred children. Regression lines for Blacks and Whites did not differ significantly for the prediction of WRAT scores by either the WISC or the WISC-R. (9 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Factors influencing receptivity to ex-mental-patients.

"The tendency of large employers to be more receptive toward disabled workers is in keeping with earlier findings, as is the higher receptivity of manufacturing over service industries." The study tended to support the use of mailed questionnaires in preliminary studies as not qualitatively different from those assessed by face-to-face interviews. The study "suggested that the receptivity of employers may represent a fairly stable frame of reference, which may profitably be considered in planning programs for the vocational rehabilitation of the ex-mental-patient." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Unimanual performance as a measure of laterality

The diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer remains a formidable health care problem. Colorectal cancer is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer in both men and women in Western countries and accounts for over 55,000 deaths annually in the United States alone. Cancer of the colon and rectum is eminently curable by surgical resection if identified early; however, despite our best efforts, patient survival from this disease has changed little over the past 50 years. With the advent of molecular and genetic techniques, a number of novel discoveries have been made in the last decade which have greatly expanded our understanding of the etiology and cellular mechanisms contributing to the development and subsequent progression of colorectal cancer. This review summarizes the recent molecular advances in the understanding of both familial (HNPCC and FAP) and sporadic colorectal cancers. The numerous scientific advances described in this review offer the promise of the development of novel chemotherapeutic agents, more accurate prognostic indicators and better screening techniques.     

Effects of chlorpromazine on learning.

Learning is an essential part of behavior therapies and is an important requirement of more traditional psychotherapy. The widespread use of tranquilizing drugs in psychiatric settings prompts a review of their effects on learning. Chlorpromazine is perhaps the most widely investigated tranquilizing drug and is used as a referent in the assessment of its effect on learning. Results of studies involving a number of animals, normal Ss, and psychiatric patients tend to show significant declines in learning on a wide range of tasks, with a linear decline in learning with increased dosage levels. A number of methodological difficulties which limit generalizations are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Processing of ambiguous and unambiguous feedback by depressed and nondepressed college students: Schematic biases and their implications for depressive realism.

Explored schematic processing as a mechanism for predicting (a) when depressed Ss would be negative relative to nondepressed Ss and (b) when depressed and nondepressed Ss would show biased or unbiased (i.e., "realistic") processing. Depressed and nondepressed Ss performed multiple trials of a task under conditions in which the 2 groups held either equivalent or different schemas regarding this task. Ss received either an unambiguous or objectively normed ambiguous feedback cue on each trial. In full support of schematic processing, depressed Ss showed negative encoding relative to nondepressed Ss only when their schemas were more negative, and both depressed and nondepressed Ss showed positively biased, negatively biased, and unbiased encoding depending on the relative feedback cue-to-schema match. Depressed and nondepressed Ss' response latencies to unambiguous feedback also supported the occurrence of schematic processing. We discuss the methodological, treatment, and "realism" implications of these findings and suggest a more precise formulation of Beck's schema theory of depression. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Subprofessional therapists' use of reinforcement versus traditional psychotherapeutic techniques with schizophrenics.

Briefly trained 22 student nurses in both reinforcement and traditional psychotherapeutic techniques. Each nurse saw 2 chronic schizophrenic patients, 1 hr. daily for 7 wk. and used reinforcement with 1 and traditional techniques with the other. Each pair of Ss were matched on the Hospital Adjustment Scale (HAS) before treatment. Posttreatment HAS scores and improvement ratings by R. P. Knight's criteria showed significant improvement for reinforcement but not traditional methods. Ss' estimates of self-concept before and after treatment showed improvement with both techniques. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Depressive personality characteristics: State dependent concomitants of depressive disorder and traits independent of current depression.

Depressive personality disorder (DPD) characteristics may reflect both state dependent concomitants and traits independent of current depression. In all, 30 clinically, 30 formerly, and 30 never depressed participants were given the Diagnostic Interview for Depressive Personality (J. G. Gunderson, K. A. Phillips, J. Triebwasser, & R. M. A. Hirschfeld, 1994). Negative reactivity, remorsefulness, a limited capacity for fun, gloominess, pessimism, difficulty being critical or angry, unassertiveness, self-denial, and seriousness differentiated depressed and nondepressed participants, indicating that they are primarily concomitants of depression. Self-criticalness differentiated formerly from never depressed participants after subclinical symptoms were controlled, suggesting that it is a trait independent of current depression. Low self-esteem, feeling burdened, and counterdependency manifested both state and trait components. If DPD is placed on Axis II, it should be defined by traits at least partly independent of depression. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Group screening for reading disability in first grade children": Comment.

Comments that L. C. Hartlage (1975) cited a chapter of his and P. L. Hartlage's (1977) work, then in press, as reporting accuracy in the outcomes of specific types of educational interventions for reading disability, which it in fact does not. Further inaccurate citations in the author's research (1973–1983) are reported. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Automatic and effortful processing in depression.

Automatic processes require few attentional resources, but effortful processes use attentional capacity. Research on cognitive processing by depressed individuals is reviewed and the following is concluded: (1) Depression interferes with effortful processing. The degree of interference is determined by the degree of effortfulness of the task, the severity of depression, and the valence of the stimulus material to be processed. (2) Depression interferes only minimally with automatic processes. Hypothetical causal mechanisms for interference in effortful processes by depression, whether interference in effortful processing is unique to depression or characteristic of psychopathology in general, and whether negative automatic thoughts are associated with current depression or depression proneness also are addressed. The effortful–automatic perspective has implications for understanding depressive clinical features, treating depression, and conducting future research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)