The effect of surface roughness on the radiative properties ofpatterned silicon wafers

The radiative properties of patterned silicon wafers have a major impact on the two critical issues in rapid thermal processing (RTP), namely wafer temperature uniformity and wafer temperature measurement. The surface topography variation of the die area caused by patterning and the roughness of the wafer backside can have a significant effect on the radiative properties, but these effects are not well characterized. We report measurements of room temperature reflectance of a memory die, logic die, and various multilayered wafer backsides. The surface roughness of the die areas and wafer backsides is characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM). These data are subsequently used to assess the effectiveness of thin film optics in providing approximations for the radiative properties of patterned wafers for RTP applications     

Differential startle reactivity following central CCK-8S and systemic boc CCK-4 administration in mice: Antecedent stressor history and testing condition.

The influence of intraventricular cholecystokinin-8S (CCK-8S) and systemic N-t-Boc-Trp-Met-Asp-Pheamide (Boc CCK-4) was evaluated in the acoustic and fear-potentiated startle paradigms in CD-1 mice. In the light + tone startle condition, CCK-8S increased startle 168 hrs after administration, compared with saline. In the tone startle condition, CCK-8S decreased startle immediately and 24 hrs after administration, compared with saline. Among nonshocked mice, CCK-8S increased startle at 48 and 168 hrs, compared with saline. In the light + tone condition, 5 μg Boc-CCK-4 did not influence startle, whereas 15 μg Boc CCK-4 decreased startle immediately, 24 hrs, and 48 hrs following administration. Results demonstrate that antecedent environmental experiences interact with subsequent pharmacological challenges in provoking the temporal expression of alterations in startle magnitude. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Science and the world of imagination.

Discusses a stereotype of science and scientific teaching. It is argued that some of the great scientists have fudged their data, and theory is only remotely controlled by fact. Students are tacitly urged to learn as much as possible, and this is a mistake; especially in the present rapid growth of knowledge (e.g., retrograde amnesia and hypnosis) the student should memorize as little as possible. It is stressed that the real world can be known only as an imaginative construct. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Clinical psychology training in Canada: Its development, current status, and the prospects for accreditation": Response to Conway.

Comments on J. B. Conway's (see record 1985-10567-001) history of clinical psychology in Canada. The discussion focuses on the sources of support for and opposition to the establishment of applied psychology programs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The effect of patterns on thermal stress during rapid thermalprocessing of silicon wafers

The presence of patterns can lead to temperature nonuniformity and undesirable levels of thermal stress in silicon wafers during rapid thermal processing (RTP). Plastic deformation of the wafer can lead to production problems such as photolithography overlay errors and degraded device performance. In this work, the transient temperature fields in patterned wafers are simulated using a detailed finite-element-based reactor transport model coupled with a thin film optics model for predicting the effect of patterns on the wafer radiative properties. The temperature distributions are then used to predict the stress fields in the wafer and the onset of plastic deformation. Results show that pattern-induced temperature nonuniformity can cause plastic deformation during RTP, and that the problem is exacerbated by single-side heating, increased processing temperature, and increased ramp rate. Pattern effects can be mitigated by stepping the die pattern out to the edge of the wafer or by altering the thin film stack on the wafer periphery to make the radiative properties across the wafer more uniform     

Neuropsychology: Retrospect and prospect.

Presents a brief history of neuropsychology and suggestions for its future development. It is argued that psychology is a single discipline, not a loose assemblage of separate disciplines; neuropsychology is fundamental to it, but not a separate area of research to be pursued in isolation from other modes of psychology. Although it frequently uses physiological methods, it remains distinct from physiology since its direct concern is not with synapse, corpus callosum, or cortex, but with the behavior of the whole animal. (French abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Open letter in response to D. O. Hebb": Reply irrelevant?

Replies to G. W. Albee's (1980) comments on D. O. Hebb's (1978) discussion of the IQ concept. Several of Albee's criticisms are irrelevant to Hebb's point on the social value of intelligence testing. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The motivating effects of exteroceptive stimulation.

The effects of perceptual deficit in infancy on the dog are considered insofar as they bear on motivational and emotional problems. "The animal reared in isolation is a permanent screwball at maturity: motivationally, socially, intellectually abnormal." Dog-rearing experiments indicate that "dogs reared in isolation showed none of the physical debility and susceptibility to infection that Spitz reported." Dogs whose patterns of exteroceptive stimulation were restricted were markedly atypical in a number of performances. A finding based on "brainwashing" by Chinese communists in the Korean War is that: "Without physical pain, without drugs, the personality can be badly deformed simply by modifying the perceptual environment." In an experiment with sensory isolation for the human there were hallucinations, disturbances in the selfpercept, impairment of intelligence test performance, changes in EEG, and marked visual disturbances on first emerging from isolation. "With the possible exception of the effects of propaganda, the changes were reversible, disappearing in a day or so." Making isolation more drastic produces motivational and emotional disturbances much more quickly. "Clearly man's motivation is a function of his exteroceptive stimulation." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The American revolution.

"A revolution of psychological thought and practice was made by Thorndike, Watson, Holt, Hunter, Lashley, Cattell, Terman, Yerkes… Tolman and Skinner between 1898 and 1938." The 1st of 2 stages in the revolution "has been complete for some time, largely in the form of Behaviorism and the study of learning, and it is high time for the rebels to get on with the second one: a behavioristic or learning-theory analysis of the thought process. I propose then to consider a particular aspect of the problem, namely, self-awareness and certain fantasies about the self." Major sections are: Setting and Scope; Theory and the S-R Formula; Mind, Consciousness, and Mediating Process; Hallucination, Body Image, and the Self; and The Problem of Analysis. From Psyc Abstracts 36:02:2AD35H. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Gert Wingårdh

From his main office in Gothenburg, Sweden's second city, Gert Wingårdh has spawned a practice that has brought him national success. He has completed two embassy buildings for the Swedish foreign office in Washington DC and Berlin and two major museums. Timothy Tore Hebb describes the work of an architect whose designs are able to be both responsive to the natural environment and ingenious in their juxtapositions and contrasts. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.