"Maternal Emotional Reactions to the Premature Infant in the Context of the Family": Erratum.

Reports an error in "Maternal emotional reactions to the premature infant in the context of the family" by Robert M. Hodapp and Kathryn T. Young (Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science Revue canadienne des Sciences du comportement, 1992[Jan], Vol 24[1], 29-40). The authors of the article should be listed as Robert M. Hodapp, Yale University, Kathryn T. Young, Yale University, Marie Algieri, Hospital for Sick Children, and Klaus Minde, Montreal Children's Hospital. The two last names were inadvertendly omitted. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1992-27071-001.) Examined maternal emotional reactions to the birth and early development of premature infants and whether such reactions are influenced by specific social support variables. 22 mothers of premature infants (aged 26–31 wks) were rated on 13 general psychological characteristics common to "maternal mourning reactions" of mothers of handicapped and at-risk children. Ss experienced relatively brief adverse reactions. The proposed 3-stage model of maternal mourning (i.e., shock; emotional disorganization; emotional organization) did not appear to characterize this sample. Ss with supportive spouses and close friends experienced less severe emotional reactions, as did Ss whose husbands were looking forward to becoming fathers. (French abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cardiovascular responses during effortful active coping and acute experience of anger in women

This study addresses the question of whether effortful active coping and anger provocation add in their effects on cardiovascular responses. Heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) responses of 64 female students were collected during an active versus nonactive coping task with and without provocation. After a baseline period, women did mental arithmetic (active coping) or read numbers aloud (nonactive coping). Half of each group was then additionally provoked. Ratings of the emotional states (Positive and Negative Affect Scale) indicate that provocation led to an increase in anger, but not in fear or negative or positive affect. Effortful active coping and provocation elevated cardiovascular activity. Although active coping enhanced all cardiovascular variables, provocation particularly affected HR and DBP. The effects of active coping and provocation on HR and DBP but not on SBP were additive and probably were produced by different physiological mechanisms.     

Burst imaging

The acquisition time of common fast imaging techniques is limited by the switching times of the magnetic field gradients necessary to encode the RF signal for the spatial coordinates. We introduce a method by which multiple spin echoes are generated using a burst of short RF pulses. Spatial encoding can be introduced into the echotrain using very few gradient switching steps. Acquisition times as short as 40 ms for a 64 × 128 image matrix can thus be achieved on a whole body system using a conventional gradient system with a gradient amplitude of 10 mT/m and 1 ms switching time. Different possibilities to introduce slice selection into the basically non-slice selective experiment are presented which also allow to manipulate the image contrast. Quantitative measurements of T₁- and T₂-relaxation rates as well as diffusion and perfusion constants can thus be performed within a few seconds.     

Do girls talk earlier?: Mean length of utterance in toddlers.

Notes that although older studies present consistent evidence that girls are advanced in language acquisition, newer findings are equivocal. This discrepancy might be due to a change in methodological approach. Older studies provide data on mean length of utterance (MLU) in sizable samples of toddlers. Since this methodological approach has proved to be sound in view of recent advances in developmental psycholinguistics, it was surprising to find that none of the newer studies had adopted it. To see if the discrepancy in the literature was due to a change in method or in children, the method of the older studies was applied to a contemporary sample. 66 younger toddlers (mean age 23.8 mo) and 64 older toddlers (mean age 28.57 mo) with sexes matched for age, class, and race were studied. Younger toddler girls were significantly advanced in MLU (words or morphemes) and also in upper bound (UB), length of longest utterance (words or morphemes). Older toddler girls were significantly advanced in UB, with the increment in MLU approaching significance. (19 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Definitions in mental retardation: Effects on research, practice, and perceptions.

Applauds the critical analysis by F. M. Gresham et al (see record 1995-37454-001) of the 1992 definition of mental retardation written by the American Association on Mental Retardation. The effects of that definition on (1) research, (2) clinical practice, and (3) perceptions of mental retardation are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Decomposing Person and Occasion-Specific Effects: An Extension of Latent State-Trait (LSI) Theory to Hierarchical LST Models.

An extension of latent state-trait (LST) theory to hierarchical LST models is presented. In hierarchical LST models, the covariances between 2 or more latent traits are explained by a general 3rd-order factor, and the covariances between latent state residuals pertaining to different traits measured on the same measurement occasion are explained by 2nd-order latent occasion-specific factors. Analogous to recent developments in multitrait-multimethod methodology, all factors are interpreted in relation to factors taken as comparison standards. An empirical example from test anxiety research illustrates how estimates of additive variance components due to general trait, specific trait, occasion, state residual, method, and measurement error can be obtained using confirmatory factor analysis. Advantages and limitations of these models are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Treatment issues in genetic mental retardation syndromes.

Because of genetic advances and radical shifts in service delivery, psychologists in community mental health and social service agencies increasingly serve clients with mental retardation syndromes. Persons with specific genetic mental retardation syndromes often differ in their behavioral strengths and weaknesses and in their predispositions to psychiatric disorders. Although genetic breakthroughs are sparking more research on these so-called behavioral phenotypes, researchers have yet to systematically translate phenotypic data into guidelines for therapy and intervention. Using fragile X syndrome, Williams syndrome, and Prader-Willi syndrome as examples, this article shows how the behavioral phenotypes of mental retardation syndromes can inform clinical practice. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Investigation of atomization concepts for large‐scale flame spray pyrolysis (FSP)

Flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) is a versatile process for the production of inorganic nanoparticles featuring the advantage that the reagents are directly dissolved in the liquid fuel that is atomized to form the burning flame. A majority of previous studies on flame spray pyrolysis is focused on the formation and growth processes of the nanoparticles but neglect the preceding step of precursor atomization and spray formation. In this work an atomization concept for large‐scale nanoparticle production by flame spray pyrolysis is presented. A pressure swirl nozzle is applied for creating a liquid hollow cone, and in a second step, different dispersion gas nozzles are utilized to enhance the atomization of the liquid phase and to influence the spray cone formation and geometry. The relevant parameters influencing the atomization process (dispersion gas feed rate, liquid feed rate) are investigated (for air, water) in non‐burning (cold) spray conditions in order to access the utilization of the different atomizer concepts for the flame spray pyrolysis‐process. Measurements are conducted by applying high speed camera imaging (HSC), particle image velocimetry (PIV) and laser diffraction spectroscopy (LDS). Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) revealed further insight into the gas entrainment and the trajectory of droplets within the spray. Results show that the liquid volume flow rate (and thus the productivity of the process) may be increased significantly while still maintaining an appropriate droplet size compared to the conventional atomization process conditions in flame spray pyrolysis reactors.     

Maternal emotional reactions to the premature infant in the context of the family.

[Correction Notice: An erratum for this article was reported in Vol 24(3) of Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science Revue canadienne des Sciences du comportement (see record 2007-09869-001). The authors of the article should be listed as Robert M. Hodapp, Yale University, Kathryn T. Young, Yale University, Marie Algieri, Hospital for Sick Children, and Klaus Minde, Montreal Children's Hospital. The two last names were inadvertendly omitted.] Examined maternal emotional reactions to the birth and early development of premature infants and whether such reactions are influenced by specific social support variables. 22 mothers of premature infants (aged 26–31 wks) were rated on 13 general psychological characteristics common to "maternal mourning reactions" of mothers of handicapped and at-risk children. Ss experienced relatively brief adverse reactions. The proposed 3-stage model of maternal mourning (i.e., shock; emotional disorganization; emotional organization) did not appear to characterize this sample. Ss with supportive spouses and close friends experienced less severe emotional reactions, as did Ss whose husbands were looking forward to becoming fathers. (French abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)