Attraction of moth species of Tortricidae,Gelechiidae, Geometridae,Drepanidae, Pyralidae,and Gracillariidae families to field traps baited with conjugated dienes

Field surveys of a series of conjugated diunsaturated straight-chain primary alcohols, acetates, and aldehydes (dienes), including the 3,5-dode-cadienyl, 8,10-dodecadienyl, 3,5-tetradecadienyl, 8,10-tetradecadienyl, 9,11-tetradecadienyl, and 10,12-tetradecadienyl primary alcohols, acetates, and most aldehydes, and the related monounsaturated straight-chain primary alcohols, acetates, and aldehydes (monoenes), including the 3-dodecadienyl alcohol and acetates, attracted the following species from the title families. Diene attractants have been demonstrated for at least onePhyllonorycter sp.,Chionodes lugubrella (Fabr.),Leptostales ferruminaria (Zell.),Drepana bilineata (Pack.),Pyrausta fodinalis (Led.),Notocelia purpurissatana Heinr.,Phaneta alterana Heinr. Monoene attractants were demonstrated forHedya separatana (Kft.),Cydia fletcherana (Kft.),Barbara mappana Free.,Ancylis burgessiana (Zell.),Ancylis nubeculana Clem.,Evippe prunifoliella Cham.,Phlyctaenia coronata tertialis (Gn.), aChionodes sp., a Gelechiidae sp., and an unidentifiedPhyllonorycter sp. Replicated field experiments showed attraction-inhibition relationships for most species. Electroantennagram data are presented forLeptostales ferruminaria andDrepana bilineata.     

Phasic alerting of neglect patients overcomes their spatial deficit in visual awareness

Patients with extensive damage to the right hemisphere of their brain often exhibit unilateral neglect of the left side of space. The spatial attention of these patients is strongly biased towards the right, so their awareness of visual events on the left is impaired. Extensive right-hemisphere lesions also impair tonic alertness (the ability to maintain arousal). This nonspatial deficit in alertness is often considered to be a different problem from spatial neglect, but the two impairments may be linked. If so, then phasically increasing the patients' alertness should temporarily ameliorate their spatial bias in awareness. Here we provide evidence to support this theory. Right-hemisphere-neglect patients judged whether a visual event on the left preceded or followed a comparable event on the right. They became aware of left events half a second later than right events on average. This spatial imbalance in the time course of visual awareness was corrected when a warning sound alerted the patients phasically. Even a warning sound on the right accelerated the perception of left visual events in this way. Nonspatial phasic alerting can thus overcome disabling spatial biases in perceptual awareness after brain injury.     

Combinatorial materials research applied to the development of new surface coatings: II. Process capability analysis of the coating formulation workflow

A combinatorial process has been developed for the high throughput production and evaluation of surface coatings. The workflow designed for the production of arrays of liquid coatings involves the robotic transfer of aliquots of solutions of raw materials to an array of glass vials and mixing of the coatings using an unconventional magnetic stirring process. An investigation of the capability of the workflow to accurately and repeatedly prepare coating arrays was conducted as a function of solution viscosity and aliquot size. In addition, mixing capability was evaluated as a function of solution viscosity, total solution volume, and mechanism of stirring. Overall, the results of the study indicated that adequate accuracy and repeatability of the coating preparation process can be achieved as long as raw material solutions are designed such that viscosity is below about 250 cP and aliquot sizes are above about 75 μl. With regard to mixing capability, total solution volume was found to have a profound affect as did the stirring mechanism.     

Fatty acids of asparagus seed oil

Summary Asparagus seed, Mary Washington variety, was found to contain 14.7% of glyceride oil having iodine value 135.1, saponification value 185.5, and unsaponifiable matter 1.46%. The oil was converted to methyl esters, and the mixed esters were separated by fractional distillation and low-temperature crystallization. The acids were identified by chemical and physical methods. The % composition of the fatty acids is estimated from the data as follows: palmitic 3, linoleic 57, oleic 27, stearic 2, eicosenoic 1.5, arachidic 0.6, undetermined 9. The oil is somewhat similar to corn oil in composition. It has at least 2% of acids of the C₂₀ series, which have not been reported previously in this plant family (Liliaceae). Presented at the meeting of the American Oil Chemists' Society, Philadelphia, Pa., October 10–12, 1955. Issued as N.R.C. No. 4426.     

Field trapping of threeEpinotia species with (Z,Z)-7,9-dodecadienyl acetate (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Field survey of the geometrical isomers of 7,9-dodecadienyl alcohol, acetate, and aldehyde has resulted in attractants and inhibitors for three species of tortricid moths.Epinotia silvertoniensis and an undescribedEpinotia sp. were all attracted to (Z,Z)-7,9-dodecadienyl acetate. AnotherEpinotia sp. was attracted to (Z,Z)-7,9-dodecadienyl acetate and (Z,Z)-7,9-dodecadien-1-ol. Electroantennogram data and inhibition patterns for one of theEpinotia sp. are also reported. In addition,E. criddleana was attracted to lures containing (E)-9-dodecenyl acetate.     

Sex attractants for Geometrid and Noctuid moths

Male moths belonging to 17 species of Geometridae and nine species of Noctuidae were captured in traps baited with synthetic chemicals as part of a field screening program. The compounds tested were the C₁₈-C₂₂ homologs of: (1) (3Z,6Z,9Z)-triene hydrocarbons; (2) mixtures containing equal quantities of (3Z,6Z)-cis-9,10-expoxydienes, (3Z,92Z)-cis-6,7-epoxydienes, and (6Z,9Z)-cis-3,4-epoxydienes; (3) (3Z,6Z)-9S,10R-epoxydienes; (4) (3Z,6Z)-9R,10S-epoxydienes; and (5) (3Z,6Z,9Z,11E)-nonadecatetraene. Field captures and electroantennographic assays revealed a high degree of specificity in the responses of many species to the synthetic chemicals. In several species the ability of males to discriminate between the 9S,10R and 9R,10S enantiomers of the monoepoxydiene isomers was clearly shown. Synergists and inhibitors were discovered for several of the reported attractants, some of which were not previously known to have semiochemical activity. The geometrid moths captured includedEpirrhoe sperryi (Herbulot),Mesoleuca ruficillata (Guenée),Triphosa haesitata (Guenée),Metanema inatomaria (Guenée),Prochoerodes transversata (Drury),Cabera erythemaria (Guenée),Synaxis jubararia (Hulst),Dysstroma brunneata ethela (Hulst),Eulithes testata (Linnaeus),Sicya macularia (Harris),Xanthorhoe iduata (Guenée),X. abrasaria aquilonaria (Herrich-Schäffer),X. munitata (Hübner),Itame loricaria (Eversmann),Eupithecia annulata (Hulst),E. rovocastaliata (Packard) andE. satyrata dodata (Taylor). The noctuid moths captured includedBleptina caradrinalis (Guenée),Idia américalis (Guenée),I. aemula (Hübner),Rivula propinqualis (Guenée),Lomanaltes eductalis (Walker),Spargaloma sexpunctata (Grote),Caenurgina distincta (Neumuller),Euclidia cuspidea (Hübner), andZale duplicata (Bethune). Six of the nine noctuid species captured belong to three subfamilies for which sex attractants had not been reported previously. Details for the stereospecific synthesis of (3Z,6Z)-cis-9,10-epoxydienes are also reported.Issued as NRCC No. 24314.     

Coping with indefinite and negative data in deductive databases: A survey

A problem with current database systems is the limitation placed on the type of data which may be represented and manipulated within such systems. In an attempt to broaden this to a wider class of data (i.e. rules as well as facts) and a more powerful set of manipulations, the concept of a deductive database was introduced. However, for the sake of efficiency the type of rule which is allowed in a deductive database is restricted in form. This paper surveys a number of attempts to move towards less restrictive forms of rules in deductive databases which allow indefinite and negative data to be handled.     

The social effects of intelligent manufacturing systems

The intelligent manufacturing systems of the future will be highly productive and effective, but they may have undesirable social effects as well as beneficial ones. Possible motivations for developing them are therefore examined against a background of the long, continuing resistance to the use of innovations in production machinery since the start of the industrial revolution. The claim that advanced computer-integrated manufacturing technology has a specially beneficial effect on the prosperity of nations is critically examined, as well as the nature of the beneficial synergism between manufacturing and services in creating wealth. A sombre view is taken of international competition which seems to be leading to an “ultimate” competitive race. The continuing substantial reductions expected in manufacturing employment may be much greater than any compensating employment increase in the service sector, owing to the application of the new technologies in this sector which is only now getting under way. Because full employment in traditional form is now widely seen to be an unattainable goal, a social revolution is required in attitudes to employment, work and its value. The paper ends with a proposal to consider ways of creating new social and economic structures in order to make this social revolution a practical reality, before social catastrophe occurs.