Occlusion pressures in men rebreathing CO2 under methoxyflurane anesthesia

The effect of general anesthesia on control of breathing was studied by CO2 rebreathing and occlusion pressure measurements in six normal human subjects under methoxyflurane anesthesia. CO2 was found to increase the amplitude of the occlusion pressure wave without changing its shape, so that CO2 responses in terms of the occlusion pressure developed 100 ms after the onset of inspiration (Po/0.1) gave results equivalent to the responses in terms of Po/1.o or any other parameter of the pressure wave. Methoxyflurane depressed the ventilatory response to CO2 but not the occlusion pressure response, implying that the most important action of the anesthetic was to increase the effective elastance of the respiratory system rather than to depress the respiratory centers. The elastance was further increased by CO2, and this mechanical change had the effect of shifting the "apneic threshold" extrapolated from the ventilatory response curve to a lower PAco2. Frequency of breathing, inspiratory and expiratory times were not altered by CO2 in anesthetized subjects.     

Toward a viable community health psychology: Caveats from the experiences of the community mental health movement.

Discusses opportunities and pitfalls in the development of a health psychology, with particular reference to the community mental health movement and community psychology. Health psychology in its preventive rather than curative aspects is stressed. Health psychology should adopt a community or public health perspective rather than an individual disease or individual treatment model. (7 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On Harmonious Relationships with Public Schools.

Comments on the article "The school as a psychological laboratory," by F. A. Mullen (see record 1960-02417-001), which discussed public schools as settings for practicum experiences and internships. The current author outlines the skills necessary to gaining the cooperation of school systems in order to advance our meager knowledge of the learning process and its relationship to personality development. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

National Training Conference in Community Psychology.

This article describes the National Training Conference in Community Psychology, which marked the culmination of several years of planning, starting in 1970, by the Executive Committee of the Division of Community Psychology (APA Division 27). The Conference was held in Austin, Texas, April 27-May 1, 1975, and was sponsored by the Community Psychology Training Program of the University of Texas at Austin Department of Psychology. The Conference served to bring together for informal meetings and discussions the older and newer community psychologists, especially those who had entered the field during the last 5 years, to critically assess the many problems facing community psychology and to examine community psychology's conceptual independence from both clinical psychology and community mental health. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Relationship between Psychology and Psychiatry.

In a recent issue of this journal (February 1956), some pertinent factors underlying the relationship between psychiatry and (clinical) psychology were discussed. The principle of "one-way locomotion" can be used to describe the present situation. This freedom to trespass with impunity is a sore spot to many psychologists since there are no legal restraints prohibiting a psychiatrist (or any physician) from performing the recognized functions of a clinical psychologist. The concept of the clinical team, with the hierarchical arrangement of psychiatrist, psychologist, and social worker, deserves further scrutiny. Whether the bulk of psychiatry is willing to support research which might threaten medical pre-eminence remains to be seen. Much depends upon how sincere we all are in the common goals expressed by Brody (Amer. Psychologist, 1956, 11, 105-112): "understanding and helping emotionally and intellectually disturbed people." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Software Authorization Systems

For every piece of business software sold, at least one illegal copy exists. This article describes and classifies software-protection methods.     

A simple breathing circuit minimizing changes in alveolar ventilation during hyperpnoea

Many clinical and research situations require maintenance of isocapnia, which occurs when alveolar ventilation (V'A) is matched to CO2 production. A simple, passive circuit that minimizes changes in V'A during hyperpnoea was devised. It is comprised of a manifold, with two gas inlets, attached to the intake port of a nonrebreathing circuit or ventilator. The first inlet receives a flow of fresh gas (CO2=0%) equal to the subject's minute ventilation (V'E). During hyperpnoea, the balance of V'E is drawn (inlet 2) from a reservoir containing gas, the carbon dioxide tension (PCO2) approximates that of mixed venous blood and therefore contributes minimally to V'A. Nine normal subjects breathed through the circuit for 4 min at 15-31 times resting levels. End-tidal PCO2 (Pet,CO2) at rest, 0, 1.5 and 3.0 min were (mean+/-SE) 5.1+/-0.1 kPa (38.1+/-1.1 mmHg), 4.9+/-0.1 kPa (36.4+/-1.1 mmHg), 5.0+/-0.2 kPa (37.8+/-1.6 mmHg) and 5.0+/-0.2 kPa (37.6+/-1.4 mmHg) (p=0.53, analysis of variance (ANOVA)), respectively; without the circuit, Pet,CO2 would be expected to have decreased by at least 2.7 kPa (20 mmHg). Six anaesthetized, intubated dogs were first ventilated at control levels and then hyperventilated by stepwise increases in either respiratory frequency (fR) from 10 to 24 min(-1) or tidal volume (VT) from 400 to 1,200 mL. Increases in fR did not significantly affect arterial CO2 tension (Pa,CO2) (p=0.28, ANOVA). Only the highest VT decreased Pa,CO2 from control (-0.5 +/- 0.3 kPa (-3.4 +/- 2.3 mmHg), p<0.05). In conclusion, this circuit effectively minimizes changes in alveolar ventilation and therefore arterial carbon dioxide tension during hyperpnoea.     

An ecologically differentiated, multifactor model of adolescent network orientation

The paper presents a test of an ecologically differentiated model of social network orientation for adolescents that distinguished between different social network reference groups (family, peers, and nonfamily adults). The model was tested in two consecutive studies. Study 1 describes initial model development (N = 120). Study 2 presents a confirmatory factor analysis with a second sample (N = 430) to replicate the factor structure developed in Study 1. Results supported a three-factor model of network orientation that differentiated between network reference groups. Analyses of concurrent and predictive validity indicated that orientation to network reference groups was differentially related to the perceived quality and frequency of support from members of respective social network groups. Group differences (gender, race) regarding network orientation to different network reference groups were consistent with studies of other social network processes. Implications for the study of the network orientation and the study of social networks more generally are discussed.     

An approach to cost accounting and cost effectiveness in the delivery of campus mental health services.

A cost accounting system developed at the University of Texas Counseling Center is described, and a rationale for developing cost accounting systems in mental health is provided. The system is placed in the context of an evaluation model that has evolved at the University's counseling center. (4 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Community psychology and the competent community.

Traces the rapid emergence of community psychology and stresses the need for the generation of new knowledge on communities. The competent community is defined as one that is involved in the development and utilization of resources by community members and one in which there is increased sophistication in coping with problems and issues. The suggested role for community psychology in such a setting is (a) to foster growth and be prepared for the consequences of increased growth of hope and power (e.g., the rejection of the helpers); and (b) to facilitate dialog between those in power and those seeking it thus eliminating failures in community growth programs that may be brought on by a lack of built-in feedback mechanisms and a philosophy of those in power that fosters anticompetence and dependency. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)