Pre-Chill Spray of Chicken Carcasses to Reduce Salmonella typhimurium

A test chamber was designed and constructed and prechill chicken carcasses inoculated with Salmonella typhimurium were treated in it. They were sprayed with tap water, 0.85% sodium chloride (NaCl), 5% or 10% trisodium phosphate (TSP), 5% or 10% sodium bisulfate (SBS), 0.1% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), or 1% lactic acids (LAC) at 207, 345 or 827 kPa pressure for either 30 or 90 sec exposure time. Samples were taken from carcass wash water to determine the most probable number of Salmonella. Compared to tap water spraying, 0.85% NaCl spraying did not significantly reduce Salmonella. The greatest reductions of S. typhimurium, by 10% TSP, 10% SBS, 0.1% CPC or 1% LAC spraying, were 3.7, 2.4, 1.6 or 1.6 log in 90 sec treatments, respectively.     

DETECTION OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS PRODUCTS IN FOODS USING ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY AND SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC THERMONUCLEASE ASSAY

The comparative sensitivity of an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using four different antistaphylococcal antisera and a spectrophotometric assay for thermonuclease were determined using cheese and ravioli samples seeded with strains of Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis. The ELISA used antisera to enterotoxin A, enterotoxin B, S. aureus strains 14609 (human), and UNH-570 (bovine). The 570 ELISA and spectrophotometric thermonuclease assay were of comparable sensitivity and detected seeded culture in concentrations as low as 2 × 10⁷ CFU/g of cheese. A simple two hour method for extracting thermonuclease from foods was 50% efficient when as little as 50 ng of purified enzyme was seeded per g of cheese. Analyses of 43 commercial cheeses for viable S. aureus found five (12%) positive with 3 × 10⁴ CFU/g of cheese being the highest counts detected. All samples were negative by ELISA and thermonuclease assay. A simple screening procedure for demonstration of S. aureus contamination of foods is discussed.     

Interaction Between Sodium Chloride and Paracasein as Determined by Water Sorption

The model system, salt-paracasein-water, for binding interactions that influence ripening of salted cheeses was investigated. The amount of salt interacting with protein was calculated from water sorption data in the range 0.76-0.95 a_w for the system and for pure salt and protein. Calculations showed that the components did not behave independently in that the system behaved less like salt and more like paracasein than expected, evidencing interaction between salt and protein. The amount of interacting salt increased with added salt, decreasing a_w, moisture content during preparation and drying the system. At 0.85 a_w the amount of interacted salt was 0.08 g/g protein when the salt added was 0.30; the maximum interacted salt was about 0.11.     

Interprocedural Data Flow Based Optimizations for Distributed Memory Compilation

Data parallel languages like High Performance Fortran (HPF) are emerging as the architecture independent mode of programming distributed memory parallel machines. In this paper, we present the interprocedural optimizations required for compiling applications having irregular data access patterns, when coded in such data parallel languages. We have developed an Interprocedural Partial Redundancy Elimination (IPRE) algorithm for optimized placement of runtime preprocessing routine and collective communication routines inserted for managing communication in such codes. We also present two new interprocedural optimizations: placement of scatter routines and use of coalescing and incremental routines. We then describe how program slicing can be used for further applying IPRE in more complex scenarios. We have done a preliminary implementation of the schemes presented here using the Fortran D compilation system as the necessary infrastructure. We present experimental results from two codes compiled usng our system to demonstrate the efficacy of the presented schemes. ©1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

REGIME BUILDING,INSTITUTION BUILDING: URBAN RENEWAL POLICY IN CHICAGO, 1946–1962

ABSTRACT: Urban regime analysis emphasizes the role of coalition building in creating a capacity to govern in cities. Through a case study of urban renewal policy in postwar Chicago, this article considers the role played by political institutions. Conceptualizing this historical period as one of regime building, I show how existing political institutions were out of sync with the city's new governing agenda of urban renewal and redevelopment following World War II. Creating a capacity to govern in urban renewal policy required both coalition building and a fundamental reworking of formal governing institutions.     

TWO TESTS OF A THEORY OF VERBAL-DISCRIMINATION LEARNING.

2 TESTS WERE MADE OF A THEORY WHICH ASSUMES THAT VERBAL-DISCRIMINATION (VD) LEARNING IS BASED UPON A FREQUENCY DIFFERENTIAL BETWEEN THE RIGHT AND WRONG WORDS. IN EXP. I 150 UNDERGRADUATES WERE GIVEN EITHER 0, 2, OR 5 FREE-RECALL LEARNING (FL) TRIALS ON A LIST OF WORDS PRIOR TO THE WORDS' BECOMING EITHER THE CORRECT OR INCORRECT MEMBERS OF PAIRS IN A VD LIST. WHEN WORDS FROM FL WERE CORRECT IN VD, PERFORMANCE ON VD LEARNING WAS NEARLY PERFECT ON ALL TRIALS. WHEN WORDS FROM FL BECAME INCORRECT IN VD LEARNING, 2 FL TRIALS HAD ESSENTIALLY NO INFLUENCE ON VD LEARNING; WITH 5 FL TRIALS PERFORMANCE WAS INITIALLY HIGH ON VD LEARNING, BUT PROGRESSED VERY SLOWLY OVER TRIALS. IN EXP. II 45 SS WERE FORCED TO VOICE BOTH THE CORRECT AND INCORRECT MEMBERS OF PAIRS IN A VD LIST. THE INTENT WAS TO MAKE LEARNING BASED ON A FREQUENCY DIFFERENTIAL DIFFICULT. LEARNING WAS MARKEDLY RETARDED AS COMPARED WITH CONTROLS. CONTROLS FORCED TO PRONOUNCE ONLY THE CORRECT RESPONSE PERFORMED BETTER THAN A GROUP LEFT TO THEIR OWN DEVICES. BOTH EXPERIMENTS ARE INTERPRETED AS SUPPORTING THE THEORY. (FRENCH SUMMARY) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The replacement of machines in a serially dependent multi-machine production system

In this paper a heuristic procedure is developed for solving the problem of planning machine replacements for a serially dependent production system. Given a finite planning horizon, the decision-maker wishes to decide (1) which periods, if any, that the entire production system must be shut down in order to make replacements, and (2) what specific machine or machines in the system should be scheduled for replacement during each of these downtime periods. The problem involves a balancing of costs. If the production system is brought down to make one or more replacements a fixed downtime cost is incurred; this cost is independent of the machines replaced during the downtime. In addition, other fixed coats are incurred for each of the machines replaced. Our motivation for scheduling these replacements is to realize lower variable costs for operating the machines. The variable operating costs are assumed to increase as the age or vintage of the machines increases. An optimal replacement policy is one in which the total of the present-value fixed and operating costs are minimized for the entire planning horizon. The paper also presents computational results using the heuristic to solve a large number of randomly generated test problems of varying numbers of machines and periods. These heuristic solutions are compared to known optimal solutions for a number of the problems. One of the important advantages of the heuristic procedure is that it is capable of producing several solutions to a given problem, all rank ordered by increasing cost. Thus, the decision-maker is afforded alternative choices from which he or she may select a replacement policy.     

The Dynamics of Organizational Status

This paper examines the growth (and decline) of organizationalstatus. It is argued that an organization's status is determinedby two factors: past performance outcomes and the status ofthe organization's affiliates. The better the past performanceoutcomes and the higher the status of the affiliates, the greaterthe organization's growth in status. This basic propositionis tested in an examination of status changes among investmentbanks in the non-investment grade market between 1981 and 1987.Implications and extensions are discussed in the conclusion.