夏热冬暖地区居住建筑节能设计理念与节能设计剖析

建筑节能设计,不是简单的追求技术指标的满足,要用正确的设计理念,从建筑方案设计开始,构建建筑的良好节能特性,在节能设计中采用正确的节能措施,合理的细部构造及材料构造,达到提升建筑品质,提升生活品质的同时降低能耗。     

Eye movements when looking at unusual/weird scenes: Are there cultural differences?

Recent studies have suggested that eye movement patterns while viewing scenes differ for people from different cultural backgrounds and that these differences in how scenes are viewed are due to differences in the prioritization of information (background or foreground). The current study examined whether there are cultural differences in how quickly eye movements are drawn to highly unusual aspects of a scene. American and Chinese viewers examined photographic scenes while performing a preference rating task. For each scene, participants were presented with either a normal or an unusual/weird version. Even though there were differences between the normal and weird versions of the scenes, there was no evidence of any cultural differences while viewing either scene type. The present study, along with other recent reports, raises doubts about the notion that cultural differences can influence oculomotor control in scene perception. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Analysis on fluid permeability of dendritic mushy zone during peritectic solidification in a temperature gradient

Compared with the growing applications of peritectic alloys,none research on the fluid permeability K of dendritic network during peritectic solidification has been reported before.The fluid permeability K of dendritic network in the mushy zone during directional solidification of Sn-Ni peritectic alloy was investigated in this study.Examination on the experimental results demonstrates that both the temperature gradient zone melting (TGZM) and Gibbs-Thomson (G-T) effects have obvious influences on the morphology of dendritic network during directional solidification.This is realized through different stages of liquid diffusion within dendritic mushy zone by these effects during directional solidification.The TGZM effect is demonstrated to play a more important role as compared with the G-T effect during directional solidification.Besides,it is shown that the evolution of dendrite network is more complex during peritectic solidification due to the involvement of the peritectic phase.Through the specific surface Sv,analytical expression based on the Carman-Kozeny model was proposed to analyze the fluid permeability of dendritic mushy zone in directionally solidified peritectic alloys.In addition,it is interesting to find a rise in permeability K after peritectic reaction in both theoretical predication and experimental results,which is different from that in other alloys.The theoretical predictions show that this rise in fluid permeability K after pedtectic reaction is caused by the remelting/resolidification process on dendritic structure by the TGZM and G-T effects during peritectic solidification.     

Diffusion-induced abnormal tertiary dendrite during peritectic solidification in a temperature gradient

1.Introduction Dendritic structure are commonly encountered during solidification [1-4], especially in systems freezing with relatively low entropies of transformation [1,5].Generally speaking, the dendritic structure is composed of primary dendrite stem, secondary branch and even tertiary and higher order dendrite arms [1].Different kinds of models have been proposed for describing the growth of primary dendrite [1-5] and secondary dendrite arms [1,6,7].In recent decades, dendritic growth of many industrial important peritectic alloys featured by peritectic reaction L+α→β have been witnessed [8-10].The dendritic growth is more complex during peritectic solidification due to the involvement of peritectic β phase.     

Preview benefit during eye fixations in reading for older and younger readers.

Older and younger readers read sentences as their eye movements were recorded, and the boundary paradigm (Rayner, 1975) was used to present either a valid or an invalid parafoveal preview of a target word. During the saccade to the target word, the preview word changed to the target word. For early measures of processing time (first fixation duration and single fixation duration), the standard preview benefit effect (shorter fixation times on the target word with a valid preview than an invalid preview) was obtained for both older and younger readers. However, for gaze duration and go-past time, the preview benefit was somewhat attenuated in the older readers in comparison to the younger readers, suggesting that on some fixations older readers obtain less preview benefit from the word to the right of fixation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The time course of word frequency and case alternation effects on fixation times in reading: Evidence for lexical control of eye movements.

Participants' eye movements were monitored while they read sentences in which high-frequency and low-frequency target words were presented either in normal font (e.g., account) or case alternated (e.g., aCcOuNt). The influence of the word frequency and case alternation manipulations on fixation times was examined. Although both manipulations had comparable effects on standard first-pass fixation measures, word frequency, but not case alternation was found to influence the duration of the first fixation in trials with multiple first-pass fixations. Assuming that lexical processing is more often incomplete at the termination of the first in multiple first-pass fixations than at the end of single first-pass fixations, the present findings provide strong evidence for an influence of word frequency on early lexical processing. Importantly, such a demonstration of a fast acting influence of a lexical variable on fixation times satisfies a critical prerequisite for establishing lexical control of eye movements in reading. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Macrosegregation and thermosolutal convection-induced freckle formation in dendritic mushy zone of directionally solidified Sn-Ni peritectic alloy

Compared with the growing applications of peritectic alloy,none research on the freckle formation during peritectic solidification has been reported before.Observation on the dendritic mushy zone of Sn-36 at.％Ni peritectic alloy during directional solidification at different growth velocities shows that the freckles are formed in two different regions:region Ⅰ before peritectic reaction and region Ⅱ after peritectic reaction.In addition,more freckles can be observed at lower growth velocities.Examination on the experimental results demonstrates that both the temperature gradient zone melting(TGZM)and Gibbs-Thomson(G-T)effects have obvious influences on the morphology of dendritic network during directional solidification.The current theories onKI Rayleigh number Ra characterizing the thermoso-lutal convection of dendritic mushy zone to predict freckle formation through the maximum of Ra can only explain the existence of region Ⅰ while the appearance of region Ⅱ after peritectic reaction cannot be predicted.Thus,a new Rayleigh number RaP is proposed in consideration of evolution of dendritic mushy zone by both effects and peritectic reaction.Theoretical prediction of RaP also shows a maximum after peritectic reaction in addition to that before peritectic reaction,thus,agreeing well with the freckle formation in region Ⅱ.In addition,more severe thermosolutal convection can be predicted by the new Rayleigh number RaP at lower growth velocities,which further demonstrates the reliability of RaP in describing the dependence of freckle formation on growth velocity.     

Do chinese readers obtain preview benefit from word n + 2? Evidence from eye movements.

The boundary paradigm (K. Rayner, 1975) was used to determine the extent to which Chinese readers obtain information from the right of fixation during reading. As characters are the basic visual unit in written Chinese, they were used as targets in Experiment 1 to examine whether readers obtain preview information from character n + 1 and character n + 2. The results from Experiment 1 suggest they do. In Experiment 2, 2-character target words were used to determine whether readers obtain preview information from word n + 2 as well as word n + 1. Robust preview effects were obtained for word n + 1. There was also evidence from gaze duration (but not first fixation duration), suggesting preview effects for word n + 2. Moreover, there was evidence for parafoveal-on-foveal effects in Chinese reading in both experiments. Implications of these results for models of eye movement control are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Eye movements of older and younger readers when reading disappearing text.

Older and younger readers read sentences in which target words were masked 40 to 60 ms after fixation onset. Masking only the target word caused more disruption than did masking each word in the sentence, and this effect was stronger for the younger readers than for the older readers. Although older readers had longer eye fixations than did younger readers, the results indicated that the masking effect was comparable for the 2 groups. However, for both groups, how long the eyes remained in place was strongly influenced by the frequency of the fixated word (even though it had been rapidly replaced by the mask and was no longer there when the eyes did move). This is compelling evidence that for both older and younger readers, cognitive/lexical processing has a very strong influence on when the eyes move in reading. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

低碳减排的建筑设计实践

低碳减排是时代的命题,是人类生存发展的命题,建筑是耗能排碳大户,建筑师理应身体力行,跨入低碳减排行列,作出一份努力。本文通过本项目的低碳减排设计实践,倡导建筑设计新理念,以作抛砖引玉。