FUTURE HYDROCARBON EXPLORATION ON CONTINENTAL MARGINS AND PLATE TECTONICS

Continental margins, the border zones between continents and oceans, are preferred sites for hydrocarbon accumulations throughout geologic history. Passive Atlantic-type margins are found worldwide. Active Pacific-type margins exist together with passive margins where endogenous vertical crustal mobility took place. Vertical mobility is preferred over lateral mobility. Plate-tectonic hypotheses are doubted. Exploration for gas and oil must be based on sound data.
Kontinentalränder, die Grenzen zwischen Kontinenten und Ozeanen, sind durch die geologische Geschichte hindurch bevorzugte Räume für Ansammlungen von Gas und Öl. Passive atlantische Kontinentalränder sind weltweit verbreitet. Aktive pazifische Kontinentalränder erscheinen zusammen mit passiven Kontinentalrändern, wo endogene vertikale Krustenmobilität auftritt. Vertikalmobilität wird einer Lateralmobilität vorgezogen Plattentektonische Hypothesen werden in Zweifel gestellt, sie werden ohnehin zunehmend abgeändert. Exploration auf Gas und Öl muss auf einer gesunden Datenbasis beruhen, nicht auf wissenschaftlicher Spekulation.     

Dephosphorization equilibria between pure molten iron and CaO-saturated FeOn–CaO–SiO2 and FeOn–CaO–Al2O3 slags

Metal-slag refining reactions have been investigated to determine dephosphorization equilibria in steelmaking using CaO-saturated slags, low in P₂O₅–content, based on the systems FeO_n–CaO–SiO₂ and FeO_n–CaO–Al₂O₃. Slag compositions have been optimized with respect to basicity and oxygen potential to achieve maximum partition ratios wt.%(P₂O₅)/wt.%[P] and minimum phosphorus contents in pure molten iron at 1550, 1600 and 1700°C. Both slag systems prove to be effective dephosphorizers. Optimal slag compositions are around 10 wt.% SiO₂ near the CaO–3CaO · SiO₂ double saturation in the case of FeO_n–CaO–SiO₂ slags and at Al₂O₃ contents tending to zero in the case of FeO_n–CaO–Al₂O₃ slags. Attempts were also made to present phosphate capacities C_PO4^3?, fractions of free oxygen ions x_O^2? and theoretical optical basicities Λ as a function of the FeO_n content of slags.     

Dephosphorization and desulfurization of molten Fe-Cr-C alloys

Thermodynamic calculation of phosphorus-chromium and sulfur-chromium relationships in molten Fe-Cr-P-C and Fe-Cr-S-C alloys at 0 to 18 wt. % Cr and 0 to 6 wt. % C. Experiments to prove the potentiality of dephosphorization and desulfurization of Fe-Cr alloys at 18 wt. % Cr and elevated carbon contents using highly basic FeO_n-CaO-CaF₂-BaF₂ slag.     

Studies on the removal of phosphorus and sulfur from Fe-C and Fe-C-Mn melts at 1350°C

Laboratory studies have been performed on simultaneous dephosphorization and desulfurization of Si-free Fe-4.5 % C melts with [P]_o = 0.11 wt.% and [S]_o = 0.04 wt.% in MF induction furnaces at 1 350°C. In these investigations, CaO- or Na₂CO₃-based fluxes were used and the techniques of powder injection or single top slag addition were applied. The following results have been obtained:

• – The effectiveness of lime and soda-based fluxes with regard to dephosphorization is practically the same. But a lower sulfur level is attained when Na₂CO₃-based fluxes are used.
• – In the injection experiments, efficiencies of η_P = 80% for dephosphorization and η_s = 90% for desulfurization are easily reached at a powder consumption of 50 to 60 g/kg. But a further increase of the η values requires a remarkable increase in the amount of injected powder. Top slag addition instead of powder injection is less effective, in general.
• – Apparent rate constants k_[P] and k_[S] from 0.05 to 0.3 min^?1 have been determined in the initial stage of injection depending on the relative amount of injected flux. In the top slag experiments, the k_[P] and k_[S] values were practically constant at a level of 0.1 min^?1.

Furthermore, dephosphorization of molten Fe-C-Mn alloys at 1 350°C has been studied at variable Mn content. It is predicted from thermodynamic data and confirmed by experiments that dephosphorization lessens with increasing Mn content in the range from 0 to 15 wt.%.     

Beitr?ge zur Untersuchung und Beurtheilung der Eierteigwaaren

Ohne Zusammenfassung Mittheilung aus dem chemischen Untersuchungsamte der Stadt Dresden.     

Bemerkungen zur Halphen'schen Reaktion auf Baumwollsamen?l

Ohne Zusammenfassung Mittheilung aus dem chemischen Untersuchungsamte der Stadt Dresden     

Dephosphorization equilibria between pure molten iron and CaO-saturated FeOn–CaO–CaF2 slags

Metal-slag refining reactions have been investigated to determine dephosphorization equilibria in steelmaking using CaO-saturated FeO_n–CaO–CaF₂ slags low in P₂O₅ content. Slag compositions have been optimized to achieve maximum partition ratios wt.%(P₂O₅)/wt.%[P] and minimum phosphorus contents in pure molten iron at 1 550 and 1 600°C. FeO_n–CaO–CaF₂ slags prove to be most effective dephosphorizers. Optimal slag compositions are between 10 and 20 wt.% FeO_n. Attempts were also made to present phosphate capacities fractions of free oxygen ions and theoretical optical basicities Λ as a function of the FeO_n content of slags. Dephosphorization capacity of FeO_n–CaO–CaF₂ slags is compared with that of FeO_n–CaO–SiO₂ and FeO_n–CaO–Al₂O₃ slags.