Symptoms of professional burnout: A review of the empirical evidence.

Reviews empirical literature, 1974–1984, concerning symptoms of burnout among human service professionals. Symptoms of burnout are grouped into 5 categories: physical, emotional, behavioral, interpersonal, and attitudinal. It is concluded that burnout is associated with poor physical health; depression; job turnover and unproductive work behaviors; problematic interpersonal relations; and negative attitudes, especially with regard to job satisfaction. Problems with research include lack of operational definition, defects in instruments, and impressionistic findings. Future needs include further exploration of content, attention to interactive effects, and alternative methodologies. (French abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Human figure drawing in adults: An update of the empirical evidence, 1967–1982.

Examines the empirical literature on the reliability and validity of human figure drawing tests, used as a projective device with adult Ss, covering the period between January 1967 and June 1982, focusing on the hypotheses of K. Machover (1949) and E. F. Hammer (1958; see also PA, Vol 30:2882). Reliability estimates and evidence relevant to the body-image hypothesis are discussed. The validity of hypotheses concerning structural and formal drawing variables (e.g., size, placement, perspective, and omission) and the content of figure drawings (e.g., face, mouth and teeth, anatomy indicators, and sex of 1st-drawn figures) are addressed, and the performance of global measures and the influence of confounding factors are described. Findings reveal that while figure drawings are not meaningless, establishing what they mean with any precision or predictability is difficult because of the inadequacies of figure drawing research. (French abstract) (4 p ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)