关于批评性的讨论——一些再思考

朱剑飞在他令人深思的文章“批评的演化——中国与西方的交流”中,谈到了我2004年在《哈佛设计杂志》(Harvard Design)上发表的论文“批评性及其不满”。我在那篇文章里提出,雷姆·库哈斯在最近出现的关于批评性的讨论中所扮演的核心角色。我实际提出这样一个现象,即企图摈弃“批评性”,在理论和职业上为建     

Endpoint detection for CMP

In spite of dramatic advances in oxide chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process performance in recent years, there has been relatively little published data on semiconductor production line worthy endpoint detection (EPD) systems for interlevel dielectric (ILD) planarization.¹ In contrast, numerous EPD methods have been successfully developed for metal polishing, most notably friction sensing via motor current monitoring. However, these methods have so far not been proven to be 100% reliable. Semiconductor manufacturers have been searching for a viable method of either monitoring the dielectric removal rate or the planarization of the surface during the polish process, and for improved metal endpoint detection systems. A coustic methods have been patented, but to date no commercially viable acoustic based EPD system exists. A great deal of effort has been expended developing optical methods, and some success has been reported for STI structures. In this paper, we discuss many of the approaches that have been published. We categorize these approaches as being either global or local methods. We further categorize the methods as being either a direct or indirect assessment of events taking place at the surface of the wafer.     

Semi-automatic rule-based domain terminology and software feature-relevant information extraction from natural language user manuals

Mature software systems comprise a vast number of heterogeneous system capabilities which are usually requested by different groups of stakeholders and which evolve over time. Software features describe and bundle low level capabilities logically on an abstract level and thus provide a structured and comprehensive overview of the entire capabilities of a software system. Software features are often not explicitly managed. Quite the contrary, feature-relevant information is often spread across several software engineering artifacts (e.g., user manual, issue tracking systems). It requires huge manual effort to identify and extract feature-relevant information from these artifacts in order to make feature knowledge explicit. In this paper we present a two-step-approach to extract feature-relevant information from a user manual: First we semi-automatically extract a domain terminology from a natural language user manual based on linguistic patterns. Then, we apply natural language processing techniques based on the extracted domain terminology and structural sentence information. Our approach is able to extract atomic feature-relevant information with an F₁-score of at least 92.00%. We describe the implementation of the approach as well as evaluations based on example sections of a user manual taken from industry.     

Children's coping strategies: Moderators of the effects of peer victimization?

Coping strategies were examined as potential moderators of the effects of peer victimization on children's adjustment. Self-report data on victimization experiences, coping strategies, and loneliness were collected on ethnically diverse 9-10-year-old children (177 girls, 179 boys). Teacher ratings of children's anxious-depressed and social problems and peer nominations of social preference were also obtained. Findings revealed that strategies such as problem solving that were beneficial for nonvictimized children exacerbated difficulties for victimized children. The effects of specific forms of coping were dependent on gender: Social support seeking buffered victimized girls from social problems but was associated with lower peer preference for victimized boys. Data also revealed the need to examine the effects of coping on multiple adjustment outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)