Electrochemical monitoring of atmospheric corrosion phenomena

An atmospheric corrosion monitor (ACM) which consists of $\text{Cu}\text{Zn}$ or Cu/steel couples, has been used to study various aspects of atmospheric corrosion. Calibration of ACM's is carried out under 1 ml of distilled water. Measurements under 10^?510^?1N KCl show that the conductivity of the electrolyte is not an important parameter in determining the amount of current flow. A detailed study was related to the effect of salt particles on atmospheric corrosion. While no current flow and no corrosion occurred on clean surfaces up to r.h. ≈ 95%, large increases of the galvanic current were observed when salt particles were placed on the ACM surface provided that the relative humidity in the test cell was higher than the r.h. value of a saturated solution of the salt particle applied. The ACM has also been used to monitor changes in the composition of gaseous atmospheres (air, N₂, N₂ plus SO₂). Outdoor exposure of the $\text{Cu}\text{Zn}$ and Cu/steel ACM suggests that this instrument can be used not only to monitor time-of-wetness, but also the corrosivity of a test environment.     

Review of The covert conditioning handbook.

Reviews the book, The covert conditioning handbook by Joseph R. Cautela and Albert J. Kearney. Covert conditioning procedures were first developed by Joseph Cautela in the late 1960s. Now twenty years later, Cautela and coauthor Kearney have systematically organized the experimental and clinical literature on covert conditioning to provide an extensive review of its uses and effectiveness. The book includes explanations of the two most widely utilized covert conditioning procedures--covert positive reinforcement and covert sensitization--as well as the lesser known ones such as covert extinction, covert modeling, covert negative reinforcement, and covert response cost. In textbook format, the learning theory basis for each procedure is given, the clinical application is detailed, and relevant research findings are discussed. The second part of the book describes the use of covert conditioning procedures with different problem behaviors by providing case examples and by reviewing empirical evidence and case reports. The book is ideal for the beginning behavior therapist since the procedures are outlined clearly and with considerable detail. Drawing on their vast clinical experience with the methods, the authors discuss problems using the imagery-based techniques and the steps to ameliorate them. More experienced behavior therapists, while finding much of the material elementary, will glean some useful clinical tips and discover some innovative and more effective ways of using covert methods. Researchers will appreciate the careful analyses of 13 selected studies on covert conditioning, as well as the useful guidelines for interpreting and conducting research. A helpful feature of the book is an extensive bibliography (442 references) with a topical index that can be used to locate references on a particular procedure, target behavior, or type of article (case study, experimental, or theoretical). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Supervised relaxation training: A model for greater accessibility of behavioral interventions.

Developed a method of relaxation training—supervised relaxation training—to address (1) problems of cost and availability, which limit the applicability of such training to relatively few individuals, and (2) the inherent limitations of self-help programs. Although this training method required less professional involvement than other methods, it was not intended as a self-help approach to relaxation. Using 55 volunteers (aged 19–67 yrs), 2 treatment groups and 1 control group were formed: One treatment group consisted of self-selected Ss from the community at large; the other represented Ss from a specific work site in the community. The procedure consisted of the use of a self-study manual in conjunction with professional training. Outcome was determined on the basis of changes in blood pressure, scores on the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and emotional indicators on human figure drawings. MANOVA indicated a positive effect for both treatment groups. Potential applications of the program are discussed, with recommendations for the use of this procedure as a model for other skill-developing interventions. (29 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Funding of applied behavior analysis services: Current status and growing opportunities.

Across the United States, unprecedented numbers of individuals with disabilities are transitioning from mental institutions and developmental centers to community-based settings. As the growing tide of individuals needing community-based services advances, the daunting task of procuring the resources necessary to support them is at hand. Practitioners of applied behavior analysis (ABA), in conjunction with professionals from disciplines such as psychiatry, psychology, medicine, and other specialized ancillary services including occupational therapy, physical therapy and speech and language pathology, have been able to forge beneficial partnerships to maintain the movement to community-based life for individuals with long-term support needs. In this article, we provide an overview of funding options for ABA services at the federal, state, and local levels and for various disability types. We also discuss current and future initiatives to increase funding for ABA services for specific populations who are currently underserved. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Galvanic corrosion of Al alloys—III. The effect of area ratio

The Al alloys 2024 and 7075 have been electrically coupled to Cu, stainless steel 304L, 4130 steel, Ti-6Al-4V, Cd or Zn in 3–5%NaCl. Galvanic current and weight loss data have been obtained for area ratios A^C/A^A = 0·1, 1 and 10 in 24 h tests. Experimental results confirm theoretical calculations based on mixed potential theory, according to which the galvanic c.d. i_g^A with respect to the anode is directly proportional to the area ratio: i_g^A = k₁A^C/A^A, while the dissolution rate r_A of the anode is related to the area ratio by: r_A = k₂(1 + A^C/A^A). The galvanic current I_g is independen t of anode area A^A and directly proportional to the cathode area A^C: I_g = K₁A^C. The galvanic c.d. i_g^A can be converted into dissolution rates r_A according to:

$r_A=k_3{i}_g^A\left(1+\frac{A^A}{A^C}\right).$

     

Laboratory Studies of Galvanic Corrosion – II. Three-metal Couples

Electrochemical and weight loss measurements have been used to study galvanic corrosion of three-metal couples extending earlier studies of the galvanic interaction of two dissimilar metals. Materials studied include Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, the Al alloys 2024, 6061 and 7075, 4130 steel, stainless steel 304, Ti-6Al-4V, Inconel 718 and Haynes 188 in 3.5% NaCl at 21°C. Different electrical arrangements for galvanic current measurements using the zero resistance ammeters (ZRA) are discussed. With the use of two ZRA's the current flowing on each of three metals can be continuously monitored. Weight loss data are used to obtain additional information concerning accelerated corrosion or protection of the individual metals in galvanic couples. Such measurements can be used to evaluate the corrosion behavior of metal combinations such as encountered in a porous Cd coating on a steel fastener installed on an Al structure.