Study of sintering of poly(methyl methacrylate)

Sintering of poly(methyl metacrylate) spheres to the blocks of the same material was studied at temperatures ranging from 127° to 207°C. The analysis of the data based on the empirical Ostwald relation indicates that the predominant mechanism responsible for this process is non-Newtonian viscous flow. The type of the flow changes with temperature of sintering, being pseudo-plastic at lower temperatures and tending to dilatancy at higher ones.     

Are any of our beliefs about ourselves non-inferential or infallible?

This paper has 4 objectives. First, to show that as a matter of empirical fact we have at least some non-inferential knowledge of our own mental states. In other words, that not all of our knowledge about our own minds is the result of inference or theory-construction. Second, to show that some of our beliefs about our own minds are infallible . Third, to show that any self-conscious creature must have at least some non-inferential knowledge of its own mental states. Finally, to show that any self-conscious creature must have at least some infallible beliefs about its own mental states. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Leserzuschrift

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Neues Verfahren zur Methanol- und Ammoniak-Synthese. Der Gas/Feststoff/Feststoff-Rieselströmungsreaktor – ein neuer Reaktortyp zur Führung chemischer Gleichgewichtsprozesse

New process for the production of methanol and ammonia. The gas/solids/solids thrickle flow reactor – a new kind of reactor for chemical equilibrium processes . A new process for the production of ammonia or methanol has been developed in the high pressure laboratory of Twente Technical University. The reactants can be made to react completely in a single reactor pass, thus avoiding expensive recirculation. Complete reaction without recirculation is accomplished by a combination of two reversible processes: a chemical reaction and a selective adsorption of the reaction product on a solid in constant flow. On introduction of an inert-gas free stoichiometric mixture of reactants into the reactor, the exhaust gas outlet can be closed. If there is an excess of one of the reactants or of inert gas, it can leave from the top of the reactor. Such a process has been accomplished in a new gas/solids/solids trickle flow reactor in which a granulated adsorbent ?rains”? through a fixed bed of catalyst. The present article describes the use of this kind of reactor for methanol synthesis. Considerable savings in production costs are expected relative to the modern Lurgi low pressure process. A pilot plant is to be built to characterize and evaluate the new process. Royal Dutch Shell has registered a patent application.     

Children's misbehaviors and parental discipline strategies in abusive and nonabusive families.

In 20 abusive families with 4–11 yr old children and a matched control group of 20 nonabusive families, parents were trained to report children's misbehaviors, parental disciplinary and affective reactions, and children's responses to discipline for 5 consecutive days. Abused children committed more aggressive transgressions and were more likely to oppose parental interventions than control children. Abusive parents used punitive disciplinary practices more frequently than control parents, who made more frequent use of reasoning techniques and simple commands. Abusive parents more often reported being angry and disgusted after disciplinary interventions. Sequential analyses indicated that the type of discipline used by control parents depended on the type of child misbehavior. For abusive parents, punishment was the predominant type of discipline regardless of the types of child misbehavior. Findings are discussed in terms of coercion models of family interaction and internalization models of socialization. (50 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Hidden Markov Modeling of Error Patterns and Soft Outputs for Simulation of Wideband CDMA Transmission Systems

In this paper, a Hidden Markov Modeling (HMM) technique for a fast and accurate simulation of bit errors and soft outputs in wireless communication systems is presented. HMMs with continuous probability distributions are considered. Soft outputs and bit errors are combined to error patterns. We focus on binary phase–shift keying (BPSK) modulation for direct–sequence spread spectrum (code–division multiple access, CDMA) transmission as proposed e.g. for the third generation wireless communication system UMTS (uplink for the frequency division duplex mode (FDD)). Comparisons of simulated bit error rates for HMM models and Rake receivers are shown for AWGN, flat fading, and vehicular channel conditions. In order to assess the ability of the HMM to describe the dynamical behaviour of the channel a comparison for transmission with interleaving and convolutional coding is presented. Furthermore calculated autocorrelation functions of the error patterns and error gap distributions corresponding to the Rake receiver and to the HMM, respectively, are presented. Our investigations show a strong dependence of the required HMM order on E_b/N₀ and the channel conditions. The degree of accordance of the HMM outputs and the training data is examined based on calculated statistical scoring indicators.     

Socialization goals and mother–child interaction: Strategies for long-term and short-term compliance.

Situational socialization goals were investigated as determinants of parental choice of disciplinary techniques. It was hypothesized that parents tend to use reasoning as a strategy when they have long-term compliance goals for their children and power-assertive techniques for short-term goals. Sixty-four mothers and their 4-year-old children participated in an experiment in which mothers were asked to influence their children to perform a monotonous task. Mothers' perceptions of their goals were experimentally varied and the effects of these perceptions on their subsequent interactions were assessed. Mothers in the long-term-goal condition behaved more nurturantly prior to the task and used more reasoning and character attributions than did mothers in the short-term condition. Power assertion was used more with boys than with girls. Children in the long-term condition were more compliant and less negativistic than children in the short-term condition. The findings are discussed in terms of a cognitive model of parental functioning. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Set-up and maintenance of ontologies for innovation support in extended enterprises

The effective generation, sharing and re-use of innovation knowledge play an increasingly crucial role in the competitiveness of industrial enterprises allowing the companies to offer new solutions based on rapidly exploited innovations. As the innovation knowledge is by its nature very unstructured and manifold in its definition, solutions for effective exchange and sharing of such knowledge within collaboration networks of extended enterprises are still missing. This paper presents a set of new methods and IT tools to support efficient and smooth exchange of innovation knowledge in extended and networked enterprises. The methods and tools are based on so-called hybrid approach in definition of ontologies needed as a basis for knowledge sharing within a network of companies. The developed tools enable efficient set-up, harmonisation and maintenance of generic, shared ontologies. The solutions are tested within a large manufacturing enterprise involving several subsidiaries.     

Surface properties of heavy petroleum distillation residues

Heavy residues of the distillation of oils from different origins and their main constituents (oil, asphalt, resins and asphaltenes) were analysed using various methods: elemental analysis, potentiometry for acid and base content measurement, i.r. spectroscopy for H bonding capacity determination, a spot test for the evaluation of the flocculation tendency of the constituents and either liquid contact angle measurements on compressed powders or inverse gas chromatography for the assessment of the surface free energy of the solid constituents of the residues. The properties of the heavy residues are quite different. In particular, the surface properties depend on the molecular composition (functional group content) of the residues but also on the degree of association of polar and less polar constituents. Clearly the weight ratio of resins and asphaltenes is a significant factor for the surface properties and the stability of heavy residues.     

Two objections to materialism.

This paper has two objects: (1) to show that mental entities (perceptions) cannot possibly be identical with physical entities; and (2) to show that, because mental entities are not identical with physical entities, mental entities do not interact with, and are therefore not the product of, physical entities. Because point 2 follows readily from point 1, most of this paper will be spent arguing for 1. Also set forth are two reasons to hold that mental entities are not identical with physical entities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)