Studies on Nonmetals During Irradiation: V, Growth and Decay of Color Centers in Barium Aluminoborate Glasses Containing Cerium

The radiation-induced absorption of a group of barium aluminoborate glasses was studied in a new facility for measuring optical absorption during irradiation with γ-rays. The results demonstrate that this technique provides significant new information on the kinetics of the radiation-induced coloring of glasses and suggest that most previous measurements are, at best, suspect. Barium aluminoborate glasses, both with and without Ce, were prepared under normal and reducing conditions. The coloring during irradiation and the decay after irradiation can be characterized by the absorption at 3.0 e V and at 2.25 or 1.90 e V. The Ce-free base glass continued to color as long as irradiated and, at a given dose, the absorption was at least 2 or 3 times that of the other glasses. The totally reduced 1% Ce glass colored to a constant level in the uv, but in the visible the coloring increased to a maximum and then decreased to a constant value. The partially reduced 1% Ce glass also colored to a constant value in the uv, but in the visible the original absorption decreased slightly. All the coloring curves recorded during irradiation are described accurately by expressions that include one or more increasing saturating exponential terms and may contain one linear or one decreasing saturating exponential term. After irradiation the coloring curves decrease and can be resolved accurately into one or more decreasing exponential components. Futhermore, all the observed coloring-curve features were derived from relatively simple kinetics.     

A goal-focusing approach to analysis of intergenerational transfers of income

In place of classical utility conceptions, policy discussions for intergenerational transfers of income involve the balancing of several desirable social goals: maintaining or improving the standard of living of (i) the working popuuion, (ii) the retired population, and (iii) maintaining a stable intergenerational transfer system. The new method of goal focusing achieves both the trade-off analyses of utility function methods at Pareto-efficient points and due accounting for the effects of multiple objectives. A goal-focusing approach is herein developed for the detailed quantitative analysis of intergenerational income transfers of a national social security system.     

Three Mile Island: A Call for Fundamentals and Real-Time Analysis

The fundamental heat transfer processes that occurred during the Three Mile Island unit 2 accident are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the elements that might have been overlooked during the design and operation of the power plant.     

CENTRIFUGAL FLUIDIZATION: EFFECTS OF PARTICLE DENSITY AND SIZE DISTRIBUTION

Based on the model of the centrifugal fluidized bed as a homogeneous viscous rotating fluid, the equation for conservation of momentum in the tangential direction is solved to obtain expressions for bed pressure drop and the radial variations of tangential velocity within the bed region. Comparisons with available data on bed pressure drop indicate that the fluidized bed rotates as a rigid body. Experimental data are also presented on minimum fluidization velocity and bed pressure drop with different particle densities and size distributions, verifying the validity of the available models for packed bed and fluidized bed pressure drop and minimum fluidization velocity in a centrifugal fluidized system.     

铬钢的高温冲蚀腐蚀行为

在试验室里对一些商品含Cr钢(Cr含量从2.25—25%)进行高温冲蚀腐蚀试验表明,材料的冲蚀腐蚀阻力强烈地依赖于它的抗腐蚀能力.合金的冲蚀腐蚀阻力随着它们的Cr含量的提高而提高.当Cr含量达～9%时,材料的耐冲蚀腐蚀阻力有个飞跃.冲蚀粒子的本质和形状对冲蚀腐蚀阻力也有很大影响.最后,对材料的蜕变机理进行了探讨.     

THE EFFECTS OF VERBAL REINFORCEMENT AND INSTRUCTIONS ON THE ATTAINMENT OF SIZE CONSTANCY.

THE RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF VERBAL REINFORCEMENT AND INSTRUCTIONS IN CHANGING BEHAVIOR WAS INVESTIGATED IN THE CONTEXT OF A SIZE JUDGMENT TASK IN WHICH REDUCED CUES NORMALLY LED TO RETINAL RATHER THAN OBJECTIVE SIZE JUDGMENTS. SS RATED THE DEGREE OF MATCH IN PHYSICAL SIZE BETWEEN A STANDARD AND SET OF COMPARISON STIMULI IN 60 TRAINING TRIALS. EACH GROUP RECEIVED EITHER (1) POSITIVE VERBAL REINFORCEMENT FOR CORRECT RATINGS, (2) INSTRUCTIONS EMPHASIZING THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN THE ACTUAL AND APPARENT PHYSICAL SIZES OF OBJECTS, (3) BOTH REINFORCEMENT AND INSTRUCTIONS, OR (4) NEITHER REINFORCEMENT NOR INSTRUCTIONS. SS WERE THEN TESTED FOR ATTAINMENT OF SIZE CONSTANCY IN THE SAME VIEWING SITUATION FOR BOTH SIZE AND DISTANCE JUDGMENTS USING A METHOD OF ADJUSTMENT. IN BOTH TRAINING AND THE TESTS FOR SIZE CONSTANCY, THE GROUP RECEIVING BOTH INSTRUCTION AND REINFORCEMENT WAS SUPERIOR; REINFORCEMENT ALONE APPEARED TO HAVE NO EFFECT UPON JUDGMENTS WHILE INSTRUCTION ALONE DID. THE RESULTS SUPPORT A COGNITIVE VIEW OF THE FUNCTION OF REINFORCEMENT IN COMPLEX HUMAN LEARNING AND DEMONSTRATE THE NEED FOR FURTHER CONCEPTUALIZATION AND INVESTIGATION OF THE ROLE OF INSTRUCTION IN THE MODIFICATION OF BEHAVIOR. (FRENCH SUMMARY) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)