合成煤中钠对煤燃烧及灰特性影响

准东煤中钠含量高，燃用时锅炉会出现严重结渣问题。通过向准东煤为原料制取的超纯煤中添加灰的模型化合物，得到合成煤。并在此基础上利用热重-差示扫描量热分析法（TG/DTG/DSC）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）和灰熔融温度测定分析手段，研究Na₂O含量对煤燃烧特性和灰熔融性的影响。结果表明：钠主要影响合成煤的着火温度（T_i）与焦炭燃烧阶段，钠含量增加使T_i升高，并且Na₂O在灰中质量分数由5%升高至8%后，钠含量增加使焦炭燃烧速率先减小后加快，并能够改善煤粉燃尽特性。钠能够降低灰熔融温度，并在Na₂O质量分数高于5%后，温度下降更加明显。在三元相图中钠对莫来石的助熔作用是造成灰熔融温度降低的重要原因。XRD分析表明Na₂O含量增加，充当骨架作用的石英在钠的助熔作用下与难熔矿物硅钙石、MgO等生成低熔点长石类矿物，这类矿物在高温下有助熔作用，能够降低灰熔融温度。同时还生成助熔性含钠矿物霞石，加剧了灰熔融。     

先进检测与5G通信技术在燃煤锅炉运行监测中的应用研究

为构建以新能源为主体的新型电力系统,火电机组在保电供热的同时要承担灵活运行、深度调峰的任务。但传统检测和通信技术受限于实时性差、传输慢、投资高等问题,难以支撑火电机组新需求。先进检测技术和以5G为代表的通信技术通过构建完整的检测传输链条,为以锅炉燃烧系统为代表的火电机组状态研判、运行调整等提供了坚实的技术支撑,但也面临建设投资高、专业人才和标准匮乏等问题。只有从生产实际出发,健全机制、转变观念,才能做实先进检测及通信技术的应用效果。作为智慧电厂的重要组成部分,先进检测和5G通信技术必将为火电整体智能化水平提升提供坚实的基础。     

Phospholipid Cyclosporine Prodrugs Targeted at Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Treatment: Design,Synthesis, and in Vitro Validation

Novel phospholipid (PL)-cyclosporine conjugates were prepared and studied as potential prodrugs for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Our approach relies on phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂), which is overexpressed in the inflamed intestinal tissues, as the prodrug activator to potentially release cyclosporine at the site of inflammation. PL-cyclosporine prodrug conjugates with methylene linkers of various lengths between the sn-2 position of the PL and cyclosporine were synthesized and evaluated for in vitro activation. Surprisingly, despite previous work indicating that conjugates with six methylene linkers between the lipid and drug would suffer rapid enzymatic hydrolysis, with cyclosporine this was not observed. However, compounds with longer linkers (n=10, 12 methylene units) display complete release of the drug by PLA₂-catalyzed hydrolysis, thus demonstrating the importance and profound impact of structural fine-tuning. This study represents a proof-of-concept for our hypothesis and a first step towards a truly targeted IBD treatment with cyclosporine that could be administered throughout the GI tract.     

Delivery of cefotaxime to the brain via intranasal administration

The purpose of this study was to investigate the plausibility of delivery of cefotaxime to the brain via intranasal administration. In vitro permeation studies were carried out using Franz diffusion cells, and the effect of different concentrations of chitosan (0.1% w/v and 0.25% w/v) on drug permeation across the bovine olfactory mucosa was determined. Samples were collected from the receiver compartment at different time points and analyzed using HPLC. The amount of cefotaxime that permeated across the olfactory mucosa when 0.25% w/v of chitosan was used as a permeation enhancer was ~1.5- and ~2-fold higher at the end of the first hour and second hour, respectively, over control (29.56 ± 6.18 μg/cm(2)). There was no significant enhancement in drug permeation when 0.1% w/v chitosan was used as the permeation enhancer. Pharmacokinetic studies were carried out using Sprague-Dawley rats. Cefotaxime solution with 0.25% w/v chitosan (40 mg/kg) was administered intravenously (i.v.) to rats in groups 1 and 3 and intranasally to those in group 2 and 4. The time course of drug in the brain was investigated by performing microdialysis in rats of groups 1 and 2. Blood samples were withdrawn from rats in groups 3 and 4, and cefotaxime in plasma was analyzed using HPLC after extraction with a hydrochloric acid-chloroform:1-pentanol (3:1) and phosphate buffer solvent system. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using the trapezoidal rule. The results imply that the drug levels attained in the brain following i.v. and intranasal administrations were comparable. These results suggest that intranasal administration of cefotaxime could be a potential method of delivering antibacterial agents because of it being noninvasive and patient compliant.     

The spontaneous formation of a J-like aggregate in Langmuir-Blodgett films of a squarylium dye

The physical properties of chalcogenide-containing squarylium (SQ) dyes with long alkyl chains were examined. The SQ dyes were deposited as Y-type films. The SQ dye of a 6-methylselenazole derivative spontaneously forms a J-like aggregate in Langmuir-Blodgett films at ambient conditions.     

Highly conducting Langmuir-Blodgett films of the TMTTF-CnTCNQ system

Highly conducting Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films of the tetramethyltetrathia-fulvalene- alkyltetracyanoquinodimethane (TMTTF-C_n TCNQ, where C_n represents C_nH_2n+1) system are reported. The electron affinities of the acceptors C_nTCNQ (n=14, 18 or 22) in solution are almost the same and lie between those of TCNQ and dimethylTCNQ. These TCNQ derivatives form solid charge transfer complexes with TMTTF. The limiting areas of the complexes, normalized to the number of TCNQ derivatives at the air-water interface, are almost the same irrespective of the donor-to-acceptor ratio and of the length of the alkyl chain, indicating that the areas are governed by the TCNQ moiety. The monolayers of TMTTF-C_n TCNQ (n=14 or 18) are transferred onto solid substrates as LB films. Polarized UV-visible absorption spectra indicate that the long axis of TCNQ is parallel to the film surface. These LB films exhibit lateral conductivities as high as 0.4 S cm^-1 and 0.1 S cm^-1 when n=14 and n=18 respectively.     

Site-directed mutants of the cAMP receptor protein-DNA binding of five mutant proteins

Oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis was employed to generatemutants of the cAMP receptor protein (CRP) of Escherichia coli.The mutant proteins were purified to homogeneity and testedfor stability and DNA binding. It is shown that mutations atthe position of Arg¹⁸⁰ abolish specific DNA binding, whereasthose at the position Arg¹⁸⁵ have very little effect. Both positionshave previously been implicated as crucial for the specificinteraction between CRP and DNA. The Ser¹²⁸ Ala mutant showsa slight reduction in DNA binding affinity relative to wild-type.All mutants investigated show similar stability profiles towild-type CRP with respect to thermolysin proteolysis as a functionof temperature.     

Microstructure,Texture, and Mechanical Behavior of As-cast Ni-Fe-W Matrix Alloy

This article describes the tensile properties, flow, and work-hardening behavior of an experimental alloy 53Ni-29Fe-18W in as-cast condition. The microstructure of the alloy 53Ni-29Fe-18W displays single phase (fcc) in as-cast condition along with typical dendritic features. The bulk texture of the as-cast alloy reveals the triclinic sample symmetry and characteristic nature of coarse-grained materials. The alloy exhibits maximum strength (σ_YS and σ_UTS) values along the transverse direction. The elongation values are maximum and minimum along the transverse and longitudinal directions, respectively. Tensile fracture surfaces of both the longitudinal and transverse samples display complete ductile fracture features. Two types of slip lines, namely, planar and intersecting, are observed in deformed specimens and the density of slip lines increases with increasing the amount of deformation. The alloy displays moderate in-plane anisotropy (A_IP) and reasonably low anisotropic index (δ) values, respectively. The instantaneous or work-hardening rate curves portray three typical stages (I through III) along both the longitudinal and transverse directions. The alloy exhibits dislocation-controlled strain hardening during tensile testing, and slip is the predominant deformation mechanism.     

城市污泥对五彩湾高钠煤灰熔融特性的影响

通过X射线衍射（XRD）谱图分析结合灰熔融温度测定,研究了五彩湾高钠煤灰中矿物转化机理及城市污泥对高钠煤灰分特性的影响。试验结果表明：当污泥添加质量比为S/C（sludge/coal）=4时,结渣指数（F_s）_sludge=1150℃,污泥提高灰熔融温度程度较小。对污泥改性使其（SiO₂/Al₂O₃）物质的量比为2,添加至煤中,当S/C > 1时,F_s > 1235℃,灰熔融温度明显提高。R_b/a、R_b/a（+P）、R_b/a×Na等指标可良好预测高钠煤与污泥混合物燃烧的沾污、结渣倾向。煤在空气气氛下,燃烧温度800～1100℃,灰中主要矿物钠长石、钙铁辉石、蓝方石等熔点低,高熔点矿物霞石等助融性强、消失温度低。而添加污泥后,混合物灰中新生成Ca₃（PO₄）₂、Ca₂P₂O₇、CaAl₂Si₂O₈等高熔点物质,有利于提高煤灰熔融温度。而污泥中（SiO₂/Al₂O₃）比、Fe含量高,会对硅铝酸盐等产生助熔作用,抑制污泥中P提高灰熔融温度的作用。