The effect of random vaccine response on the vaccination coverage required to prevent epidemics

The response people have to vaccination varies because their immune systems differ and vaccine failures occur. Here we consider the effect that a random response, independent for each vaccinee, has on the vaccination coverage required to prevent epidemics in a large community. For a community of uniformly mixing individuals an explicit expression is found for the critical vaccination coverage (CVC) and the effect of the vaccine response is determined entirely by the mean E(AB), where A and B, respectively, reflect the infectivity and susceptibility of a vaccinated individual. This result shows that the usual concept of vaccine efficacy, which focuses on the amount of protection the vaccine provides the vaccinee against infection, is not adequate to describe the requirements for preventing epidemics when vaccination affect infectivity. The estimation of E(AB) poses a problem because A and B refer to the vaccine response of the same individual. Similar results are found when there are different types of individual, but now the mean E(AB) may differ between types. However, for a community made up of households it is shown that the CVC also depends on other characteristics of the vaccine response distribution. In practice this means that estimating a single measure of vaccine effectiveness is generally not enough to determine the CVC. For a specific community of households it is found that the vaccination coverage required to prevent epidemics decreases as the variation in the vaccine response increases.     

Temperature of the Limiter Surface Measured by IR Camera in HT-7 Tokamak

Temperature measurement by IR （infrared） camera was performed oll HT-T tokamak. particularly during long pulse discharges, during which the temperature of the hot spots on the belt limiter exceeded 1000℃. The heat load on the surface of the movable limiter could be obtained through ANSYS with the temperature measured by IR-camera. This work could be important for the temperature measurement and heat load study on the first wall of EAST device.     

下一代通信技术对广播电视业务发展的影响(上)

下一代通信技术的发展会给广播电视业务的发展带来新的契机和挑战.广播电视业务的发展应充分考虑"多播"这一特征,开展多种信息服务,良好的质量和内容将成为广播电视在竞争中的"杀手锏".开发"多功能一体"的智能终端是开展数字广播电视业务的必然趋势和要求.借鉴通信的业务模式,构筑下一代广播网络,主动联合通信网和互联网开展新业务,是广播电视业进一步发展的关键.本文将结合下一代通信技术和广播电视业务的关系,从业务、传输和接入等角度分别进行讨论.     

下一代通信技术对广播电视业务发展的影响(下)

(接上期第43页) 3 下一代通信接入对广播电视业务发展的影响 3.1 突破用户接入的瓶颈 随着宽带业务的发展,网络接入部分(最后1 km)的带宽瓶颈问题显露出来.目前,接入部分两侧都已跨入吉比特级以上的速率,如用户端广泛使用的PC,其内部传送速率已达到32 Gb/s,城域网或长途网的每波长速率也已达到2.5～10 Gb/s,两者都比接入部分高出至少3个数量级.可见,尽快打通接入部分的带宽瓶颈,各种宽带服务与应用才能开展起来,网络容量的潜力才能真正发挥.     

粗糙海面的电磁散射缩比模拟测量的若干基本问题

针对实验室内难以构造的高海情PM谱海面,采用电磁缩比测量的方法研究其电磁散射特性,首先定量分析了以淡水替代海水造成不满足物理相似性要求而引入的误差,然后讨论了缩比PM谱海面满足几何相似性条件的要求,和对粗糙海面进行缩比模拟测量的途径,根据粗糙海面缩比模拟理论与条件,在实验室内成功模拟构造满足缩比测量理论的粗糙海面。     

空位缺陷金红石型TiO2电子结构和光学性质的理论研究

基于密度泛函理论(DFT)的第一性原理模守恒赝势 方法,对纯金红石型TiO₂和Ti、O两种空位缺 陷相的几何结构、能带结构、态密度(DOS)以及光学性质进行了 系统地对比研究。结果发现,含有空 位缺陷的TiO₂键长增大,原子布局值减小并出现微弱的磁性;空位缺陷导致导带变窄,导 带和价带 都向低能级方向移动,由空位原子贡献的载流子增强了体系的电导率,费米能级上移进入导 带;与 纯金红石型TiO₂的直接带隙宽度(3.0eV)相比较,Ti空位缺陷相转 变为P型半导体且直接带隙为1.816 eV,而O空位缺陷相转变为n型半导体且间接带隙为1.961eV。同时, 两种空位缺陷结构的介电峰显 著红移,折射率有明显变化,对可见光区的吸收系数均比纯TiO₂高。与O空位结构相比,Ti 空位结构的 介电常数、折射率、消光因子和对可见光的吸收强度更大,更能增强电子在低能端的光学跃 迁,具有更佳的可见光催化性能。     

双金属ZnAu纳米团簇的光学性质及生物成像应用

为了优化Au纳米团簇(nanoclusters,NCs)的光 学性能,拓宽它的应用领域,利用原子掺杂法合成 了超稳定的发光双金属ZnAu NCs。通过对紫外-可见吸收光谱、发射光谱、红外光谱、荧光 寿命等的测试 和分析,研究了合成的ZnAu NCs的光学特性,讨论了Zn原子掺杂对Au NCs发光性能的影响, 并且借 助透射电子显微镜和质谱等表征手段,分析了这种光学材料的结构性质。最后,通过细胞毒 性评估以及细 胞成像实验探究了其在生物医学上的应用。研究结果表明,与未掺杂原子的Au NCs相比,掺 杂Zn原子的 ZnAu NCs的荧光强度增强了3倍左右,荧光寿命也从6.73 μs延长到 7.26 μs。此外,结合 质谱确定了超小 的ZnAu NCs是分子量位于5.0 kDa－5.8 kDa之 间的复合物团簇。这种发光纳米材料所表现出的良好的光稳 定性和低细胞毒性,使其在生物成像领域具有潜在的应用价值。同时,Zn原子的掺杂提升了 Au NCs的光学性能,为其在其它领域的广泛应用提供了更大的可能性。     

用低反射率光栅阵列实现智能复合电力电缆温度监测

针对现有的电缆温度监测方法主要存在无法检测电缆内部温度和测温时易受到应力影响等缺点。针对此本文研究采用低反射率光栅(wFBG)阵列智能复合电力电缆温度监测技术,用于实时监测电缆内部及外部的温度分布情况。通过免应力光栅阵列,解决了复合电缆和光缆的过程中因光纤受力而影响光栅波长准确测量从而造成对温度的影响问题。系统通过检测wFBG波长漂移得到温度信息从而实现高灵敏度高空间分辨率的智能电缆的分布式温度在线监测。搭建了基于wFBG阵列的复合电力电缆实验系统,结果表明,该系统可以实现对电缆内部及外部温度的高精度、高空间分辨率分布式测量,电缆沿线空间分辨率达到10 cm,测温精度达到0.1℃。该低反射率光栅阵列智能复合电力电缆温度监测系统可以满足智能电网运行的实际需要。     

MICROFILTRATION of CHICKEN PROCESS WATERS FOR REUSE: PLANT STUDIES and PROJECTED OPERATING COSTS1

Commercial scale ceramic microfilters were used in plant tests to determine flux rate and operating parameters for waters from a poultry scalder, a poultry chiller, and brine from a delicatessen products chiller, under commercial conditions. Filtration produced clear permeate from all waters. Microorganism counts were essentially reduced to zero in scalder and chiller water permeates, with BOD reduced by about 70% in scalder water permeate and about 60% in chiller water permeate. Flux rates were in the range of 224-204 L/m²h for scalder water at 54°C and 114-81 L/m²h for chiller water at ambient temperature. Test results were used to project nonlabor operating savings and/or costs resulting from the use of microfiltration to recondition and reuse bath overflow. For a processing rate of 140 birds/min and bath size of 37,850 L (10,000 gal), an annual savings of $21,000-$26,000 were estimated for scalder water filtration, while annual costs of $65,000-$84,000 were estimated for chiller water filtration. For a deli brine bath size of 1,170 L (300 gal), annual costs of about $700 were estimated. Retentate heating and electrical usage associated with centrifugal filter pumps were projected as predominant cost factors. Besides costs, other factors such as nonchemical control of microbial growth, water savings, and reduced discharge levels may also be important reasons for considering microfiltration.