Fluid flow phenomena in the electromagnetic stirring of continuous casting systems,part 1: the behaviour of a cylindrically shaped laboratory scale installation

A model is developed to calculate the flow field produced by electromagnetic stirring generated by a rotating magnetic field. This study has considerable importance due to its applicability to continuous casting systems. Three cases are considered, the first, in which steady continuous stirring is studied, and the numerical results are found to agree well with the experimental observations by other workers. In the second case, alternating stirring is examined, and the critical role of switching frequencies is discussed. Finally, a preliminary allowance is made for free surface deformation for the continuous stirring situation. The effective viscosity is deduced from the transport equations for K, the turbulence kinetic energy, and for ?, the rate of viscous dissipation. The transport equation for K is modified to account for turbulence enhancement due to electromagnetic effects.     

The association between threat appraisals and psychological adjustment in partners of people with spinal cord injuries.

Objective: To explore the psychological factors associated with adjustment in partners of people with spinal cord injuries (SCIs). Participants and Design: Forty partners of people with SCIs. The study had a cross-sectional design. Main Outcome Measures: Beck Depression Inventory, the State Trait Anxiety Inventory Form Y-1, Social Provisions Scale, COPE, and an appraisal scale. Results: Approximately one third of partners reported levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms above the clinical cut-off points indicating elevated levels of emotional distress. Factors hypothesized to account for levels of emotional distress on the basis of the cognitive-appraisal model of stress and coping were found to be explanative. In particular, high threat appraisal, higher use of avoidance (emotion-focused) coping, and lack of approach (problem-focused) coping were found to predict higher levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms. Conclusions: Partners of people with SCIs are at risk of emotional distress. Factors that might help identify at-risk partners are identified and psychological interventions that might help partners are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effect of pressure on the hydropyrolysis of Manvers coal

Manvers weakly-coking coal was pyrolysed to 500 °C in a stirred autoclave under varying pressures of hydrogen and nitrogen. As expected the major changes produced by increase in nitrogen pressure were a decrease in tar yield accompanied by increases in gas and, to a smaller extent, in coke yields. Total pressures and hydrogen :coal ratios were altered to obtain maximum yields of tar, gases and liquor. All products were investigated. Tar fractions, separated into neutral, phenolic and basic components, were analysed by g.c.-m.s. Short-chain hydrocarbons were detected in the gas sample. Methanol densities and micropore surface areas the cokes were related to the conditions of pyrolysis. At the relatively low rates of heating employed, pressure had effects on tar composition similar to increasing the temperature of pyrolysis.