Analyses of diverse mammals’ milk and lactoferrin glycans using five pathogenic bacterial lectins

Milk indigested glycans hamper infections by blocking pathogen adhesion to babies’ cells via lectins (sugar-binding proteins). This study describes usage of five pathogenic bacterial lectins and two plant lectins for analyses of alpaca, buffalo, camel, cow, dog, fallow deer, giraffe, goat, horse, human, rabbit, and sheep milks, and also commercial human and cow milk lactoferrins. The lectins used differentially reacted with the 12 milks – most strongly with humans’ ones. Most of them (excluding Pseudomonas aeruginosa galactophilic PA-IL) were also sensitive to the human and cow lactoferrins. The fucophilic bacterial lectins were most sensitive to human lactoferrin, while the mannophilic ones – to the cow’s. The actual function of bacterial lectins in pathogen adhesion and their non-glycosylated structures (evading non-specific interactions) are advantageous for such studies. This study shows the efficiency of the bacterial lectins for milk analyses: differentiating between the diverse milks, estimating their anti-infection potentials, and probing their active glycans.     

Rights of clients, responsibilities of therapists.

Discusses ways in which ethical principles can be put into practice in the client–therapist relationship. Historically, ethical codes for therapists were drawn up to protect the professions from regulation by external agencies. Implicit in the ethical codes, however, is a model for the client–therapist relationship that fosters the goals of mental health. It is suggested that just as ethical codes have been given specific content in standards for providers of psychological services in human service facilities, ethical codes can be given specific content in the client–therapist relationship. It is recommended that therapists take responsibility for incorporating ethical standards into their practices so that clients' rights will be an integral part of therapy. Four illustrative situations are presented: providing clients with information to make informed decisions about therapy, using contracts in therapy, responding to clients' challenges to therapists' competence, and handling clients' complaints. (63 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)