Neural correlates of sexual arousal in homosexual and heterosexual men.

Men exhibit much higher levels of genital and subjective arousal to sexual stimuli containing their preferred sex than they do to stimuli containing only the nonpreferred sex. This study used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate how this category-specific pattern would be reflected in the brains of homosexual (n = 11) and heterosexual (n = 11) men. Comparisons of activation to preferred sexual stimuli, nonpreferred sexual stimuli, and sports stimuli revealed large networks correlated with sexual arousal, spanning multiple cortical and subcortical areas. Both homosexual and heterosexual men exhibited category-specific arousal in brain activity. Within the amygdala, greater preference-related activity was observed in homosexual men, but it is unclear whether this is a cause or a consequence of their sexuality. In a subsequent analysis of regions hypothesized to support arousal, both participant groups demonstrated widespread increases in evoked activity for preferred stimuli. Aggregate data from these regions produced significant differences between stimulus types in 16 out of 22 participants. Significant activational differences matched reported sexual orientation in 15 of these 16 participants, representing an advance in psychophysiological measures of arousal. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Macintosh Programmer's Workshop

The authors discuss the Macintosh Programmer's Workshop (MPW), a Macintosh development environment that includes a comprehensive set of programming tools and handles several languages. It also combines the graphical interface common to all Macintosh applications, a command language similar to the Unix shell languages, and Smalltalk's immediate execution of commands in any window. They focus on the program-development environment rather than on the tools in that environment. They give the history of MPW, and describe its design goals. The bulk of the article is a discussion of MPW's design     

Trabeculectomy function after cataract extraction

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of cataract extraction (CE) after trabeculectomy on intraocular pressure (IOP) control. DESIGN: Retrospective noncomparative case series. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 115 consecutive patients who underwent extracapsular CE (N = 58) or phacoemulsification (N = 57) with intraocular lens (IOL) placement after trabeculectomy were studied. INTERVENTION: Cataract extraction with IOL after trabeculectomy was performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative factors were evaluated for association with loss of IOP control requiring additional medications, bleb needling, or further glaucoma surgery, using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox multivariate proportional hazards survival regression. RESULTS: After mean postoperative follow-up of 21.1 +/- 14.3 months, additional glaucoma medication or needling of the filtering bleb to maintain IOP control was required in 35 eyes (30.4%) and was significantly associated with intraoperative iris manipulation and early postoperative peak IOP greater than 25 mmHg. Additional glaucoma surgery was eventually required in 11 eyes (9.6%) and was significantly associated with age of 50 years or younger, preoperative IOP greater than 10 mmHg, and early postoperative peak IOP greater than 25 mmHg. The cumulative proportion of patients who did not require reoperation for glaucoma was 93% and 90% at 1 and 2 years, respectively. The mean IOP at last visit had increased 1.6 mmHg above the pre-CE level and did not vary significantly after the first postoperative month. The median interval from CE to the addition of glaucoma medication or bleb needling was 1.6 months (within 3 months in 20 of 33 eyes) and that from nonsurgical intervention to further glaucoma surgery was 3.6 months (before the 7th postoperative month in 6 of 11 eyes). Of 19 eyes with hypotony (IOP < or = 6 mmHg) before CE, 11 eyes remained hypotonous after CE despite an increase in the mean IOP from 4.6 to 7.5 mmHg. CONCLUSIONS: When CE is performed after trabeculectomy, age of 50 years or younger, preoperative IOP greater than 10 mmHg, intraoperative iris manipulation, and early postoperative IOP greater than 25 mmHg are associated with worsened postoperative IOP control. Most bleb failures occur soon after CE. Resolution of pre-existing hypotony after CE is unpredictable.     

Changes in Tissue Lipid and Fatty Acid Composition of Farmed Rainbow Trout in Response to Dietary Camelina Oil as a Replacement of Fish Oil

Camelina oil (CO) replaced 50 and 100 % of fish oil (FO) in diets for farmed rainbow trout (initial weight 44 ± 3 g fish^?1). The oilseed is particularly unique due to its high lipid content (40 %) and high amount of 18:3n‐3 (α‐linolenic acid, ALA) (30 %). Replacing 100 % of fish oil with camelina oil did not negatively affect growth of rainbow trout after a 12‐week feeding trial (FO = 168 ± 32 g fish^?1; CO = 184 ± 35 g fish^?1). Lipid and fatty acid profiles of muscle, viscera and skin were significantly affected by the addition of CO after 12 weeks of feeding. However, final 22:6n‐3 [docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] and 20:5n‐3 [eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)] amounts (563 mg) in a 75 g fillet (1 serving) were enough to satisfy daily DHA and EPA requirements (250 mg) set by the World Health Organization. Other health benefits include lower SFA and higher MUFA in filets fed CO versus FO. Compound‐specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) confirmed that the δ¹³C isotopic signature of DHA in CO fed trout shifted significantly compared to DHA in FO fed trout. The shift in DHA δ¹³C indicates mixing of a terrestrial isotopic signature compared to the isotopic signature of DHA in fish oil‐fed tissue. These results suggest that ~27 % of DHA was synthesized from the terrestrial and isotopically lighter ALA in the CO diet rather than incorporation of DHA from fish meal in the CO diet. This was the first study to use CSIA in a feeding experiment to demonstrate synthesis of DHA in fish.     

Illustrating Client and Implementation Readability Tradeoffs in Ada and C++

The relative merits of Ada and C++ have fostered numerous discussions among software developers. With the release of Ada 95 and its object-oriented features, we expect these discussions to intensify, particularly given the increasing number of features for which there are implementations in both languages. In this paper, we compare Ada and C++ based on the readability of class and client implementations. We examine this issue using a case study. Our case study illustrates a partial tradeoff that exists between the readability of a class and the readability of its clients. This tradeoff depends on the degree to which overloading is used; extensive use of overloading adds to class complexity, although it increases client readability.     

A theoretical model for single-phase silicon-controlled rectifier systems

A linear model for use in determining stability, relative stability, and dynamic response of phase-angle modulated SCR systems is presented. The model is based on sampled-data control theory and assumes 1) a system bandwidth that is small relative to sampling frequency, and 2) limited excursion of the SCR triggering angle. These assumptions are justified for practical systems. The theory leads to a simple equivalent transport-lag representation. If the triggering angle varies over a relatively wide range, a "worst-case" analysis is necessary using the linear model. An example is included to illustrate use of the model for system design and is supported by experimental data.