Temperament and substance abuse in schizophrenia: is there a relationship?

Dyspnea may be easily appreciated during exercise with dyspneic scales, but methodological standardisation still needs to be specified. Authors review the basic physiological mechanism relating dyspnea to indices obtained during a stress test. They propose to use the dyspnea/VE relationship. With the concept of dyspneic threshold (close to the ventilatory threshold) and the ramp that both could be modified (for instance by rehabilitation programmes including exercise training). Interpretation of dyspnea during an exercise test obviously needs to be integrated with other parameters studied during exercise.     

trans-2-phenylcyclopropylamine is a substrate for and inactivator of horseradish peroxidase

Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is well known for mediating the electron-transfer oxidation of electron-rich aromatic 'donors' such as phenols and anilines, but has not been described to oxidize aliphatic amines. We here confirm the inability of HRP to oxidize typical aliphatic amines, even those which would exist significantly as free bases at the operative pH. In contrast, trans-2-phenylcyclopropylamine (2-PCPA) is both a substrate (turnover product is cinnamaldehyde) and a time-dependent inactivator of HRP. These activities of 2-PCPA are consistent with either a concerted or rapid sequential one-electron-oxidation/ring-opening to give an intermediate capable of covalent binding to the enzyme. 2-PCPA is the first known example of a simple aliphatic amine which serves as a substrate for HRP under turnover conditions.     

Local residence time,residence revolution,and residence volume distributions in twin‐screw extruders

This work was aimed at studying the overall, partial, and local residence time distributions (RTD); overall, partial and local residence revolution distributions (RRD) and overall, partial and local residence volume distributions (RVD) in a co‐rotating twin screw extruder, on the one hand; and establishing the relationships among them, on the other hand. Emphasis was placed on the effects of the type and geometry of mixing elements (a gear block and various types of kneading elements differing in staggering angle) and process parameters on the RTD, RRD and RVD. The overall and partial RTD were directly measured in‐line during the extrusion process and the local ones were calculated by deconvolution based on a statistical theory. The local RTD allowed comparing the mixing performance of mixing elements. Also it was confirmed both experimentally and theoretically that specific throughput, defined as a ratio of throughput (Q) over screw speed (N), controlled all the above three types of residence distributions, be they local, partial or overall. The RRD and RVD do not provide more information on an extrusion process than the corresponding RTD. Rather they are different ways of representing the same phenomena. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 48:19–28, 2008. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers     

General acid/base catalysis in the active site of Escherichia coli thioredoxin

Enzymic catalysts of thiol:disulfide oxidoreduction contain two cysteine residues in their active sites. Another common residue is an aspartate (or glutamate), the role of which has been unclear. Escherichia coli thioredoxin (Trx) is the best characterized thiol:disulfide oxidoreductase, and in Trx these three active-site residues are Cys32, Cys35, and Asp26. Structural analyses had indicated that the carboxylate of Asp26 is positioned properly for the deprotonation of the thiol of Cys35, which would facilitate its attack on Cys32 in enzyme-substrate mixed disulfides. Here, Asp26 of Trx was replaced with isologous asparagine and leucine residues. D26N Trx and D26L Trx are reduced and oxidized more slowly than is wild-type Trx during catalysis by E.coli thioredoxin reductase. Stopped-flow spectroscopy demonstrated that the cleavage of the mixed disulfide between Trx and a substrate is slower in the D26N and D26L enzymes. Buffers increase the rate of mixed disulfide cleavage in these variants but not in wild-type Trx. These results indicate that Asp26 serves as an acid/base in the oxidation/reduction reactions catalyzed by Trx. Specifically, Asp26 protonates (during substrate oxidation) or deprotonates (during substrate reduction) the thiol of Cys35. A similar role is likely filled by the analogous aspartate (or glutamate) residue in protein disulfide isomerase, DsbA, and other thiol:disulfide oxidoreductases. Moreover, these results provide the first evidence for general acid/base catalysis in a thiol:disulfide interchange reaction.     

In vitro cytotoxicity and DNA damage production in Chinese hamster ovary cells and topoisomerase II inhibition by 2-[2''-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1, 2-dihydro-3H-dibenz[de,h]isoquinoline-1,3-diones with substitutions at the 6 and 7 positions (azonafides)

The p53 tumor suppressor gene encodes a phosphoprotein which when overexpressed can induce growth arrest at the G1 and G2/M phases of the cell cycle, promote differentiation and apoptosis. This paper demonstrates that p53 can associate with trk tyrosine kinase. Expression of a murine temperature-sensitive (ts) p53 mutant in PC12 cells overexpressing trk (a model system to analyse cellular differentiation and signal transduction induced by NGF) induces morphological changes in the absence of NGF stimulation at 32 degrees C but not at 37 degrees C. In cells differentiated by p53, trk, but not EGFr, was hyperphosphorylated on tyrosine. Furthermore trk was not phosphorylated when expressed in Saos-2 cells (human osteosarcoma cells that lack expression of both endogenous trk and p53) at either temperature. However, transfection of ts p53 into these cells induces trk phosphorylation at 32 degrees C in the absence of NGF stimulation. Association of trk and p53 can be detected in NIH3T3 and PC12 cells co-expressing trk and the ts p53 mutant, in NIH3T3 and PC12 cells transfected with trk alone, and in untransfected PC12 cells, showing that overexpressed and/or endogenous trk associates with endogenous, low levels of p53. These data suggest a novel function for p53 which involves the stimulation of signal transduction pathways (mediating morphological properties of cells), possibly through association with and hyperphosphorylation of trk.     

Cerebellar deficient folia (cdf): a new mutation on mouse chromosome 6

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the case of an 8-yr-old boy with an aneurysmal bone cyst of the right proximal humerus, including the features imaged on plain film radiography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including spin echo and fast field echo imaging. CLINICAL FEATURES: The patient suffered for 1 yr from intermittent but progressive pain in his right upper arm and shoulder area. There was no history of trauma or known systemic disease. There was decreased range of motion in abduction of the glenohumeral joint and pain on focal pressure along the deltoid muscle. A complete imaging evaluation consisting of plain film radiography, CT and MRI was performed, which revealed the classical imaging features of an aneurysmal bone cyst. An additional cystic lesion was detected by the MRI that was not appreciated on the plain films or CT. INTERVENTION AND OUTCOME: The patient was referred for biopsy to confirm the preliminary diagnosis of aneurysmal bone cyst. No treatment was instituted. CONCLUSION: Evaluation of aneurysmal bone cyst may be completed with CT scanning and more specifically with MRI MRI coronal T2, weighted images are advantageous for visualization of the main cystic lesion and any additional cysts. Fast field echo images show a better contrast between the cyst and bone marrow with extension of the cyst into the epiphysis as evident in this case. Follow-up studies revealed complete healing of the cyst with only residual densities in the humeral metaphyseal area.     

Partial cricotracheal resection with primary anastomosis in the pediatric age group

The traditional approach to severe subglottic stenosis (SGS) in the pediatric age group is laryngotracheal reconstruction (LTR). This approach may be complex and multistaged, with variable and unpredictable success rates in the individual patient. Excellent results have been reported in adults who had severe SGS and underwent partial resection of the cricoid and primary thyrotracheal anastomosis. This procedure has not been widely reported in infants and children. We report our experience with this procedure in 16 pediatric patients with grade III or IV SGS. Eleven patients had multiple previous LTR operations. The preoperative evaluation, surgical techniques, postoperative care, complications, and final results are described and discussed. Fourteen patients were decannulated after the procedure, 1 patient needed a second open procedure prior to decannulation, and 1 patient with concomitant bronchopulmonary dysplasia remains cannulated, for an overall 94% decannulation rate. Fourteen patients have no limitation of respiration, and 1 patient has moderate exercise intolerance. The results of this series suggest that partial cricotracheal resection with primary anastomosis is a relatively safe and effective procedure for pediatric patients with severe SGS.