Toward a conceptualization of the family's adaptation to a member's head injury: A critique of developmental stage models.

Developmental stage models proposed to conceptualize the family's adaptation to a head-injured member are critiqued. In general, hypotheses about stages have not been subjected to empirical investigation. Due to conceptual problems in the models, the stages do not meet the criteria of legitimate explanatory constructs. In their present form, stages proposed by different models are, at best, of heuristic value. It is argued that principles from S. Minuchin's (1974) structural family therapy model may be integrated with the stage model approach in a manner that helps resolve some conceptual problems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Engineered chemistry of Cu–W composites sintered by field-assisted sintering technology for heat sink applications

High performance microelectronics require superior thermal management systems. Heat sink plates that dissipate the heat generated by the microelectronic components are of critical importance for this purpose. The two primary concerns with heat sink materials are the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), which should be low to match that of silicon (4 × 10⁻⁶/°C), and the thermal conductivity, which should be as high as possible to move the heat efficiently. This study created copper–tungsten composite materials using the field assisted sintering technology (FAST) process. The amount of tungsten used in the composites was varied from 0 to 70 wt% to study the effects of tungsten as well as to show the ability of the composite’s properties to be tailored based on the percentage of tungsten in the composite. It is shown that increasing pressure has a positive effect on final density while heating rate has no effect. High densities of >97.5% were achieved in all of the composites. As predicted, the CTE decreases as the percentage of tungsten increases. Thermal conductivities are also reported for each sample.     

Alloy development for highly conductive thermal management materials using copper-diamond composites fabricated by field assisted sintering technology

Improving thermal management materials is critical to many industries including the microelectronics where smaller components lead to larger heat densities. Performance of thermal management materials are largely governed by the thermal conductivity of the material. Commercial diamond particles have a very high thermal conductivity, but their inclusion into conductive metals such as copper is challenging due to a lack of compatibility which creates a poor interface between materials. This study uses a powder metallurgy approach employing an alloyed powder blend to act as an agent to improve the interface leading to improved thermal properties. Results show that minor additions of zirconium to the copper matrix is successful in improving the interface and allows for improvement of thermal conductivity up to a maximum of 533 W/m K with 40 vol.% diamond. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping analysis shows that additions of zirconium are vastly better than chromium for improvement of interface. It is shown that caution must be taken when adding alloying elements because small additions result in a rapid decrease in conductivity of the alloy before diamonds are added.     

青海大黄油菜粒色性状AFLP标记的筛选和SCAR标记转化

大黄油菜是青藏高原特有的一个白菜型油菜地方品种,种皮颜色鲜黄.已知大黄油菜的黄籽性状受到1对隐性基因（Brsc1）控制,且该基因被定位于白菜型油菜的第9连锁群上.为获得更多与种皮色泽紧密连锁的分子标记以及共显性标记,本研究利用大黄油菜和褐籽白菜型油菜09A-126为亲本构建BC1分离群体和F2群体,利用AFLP与BSA相结合的方法,通过筛选256对引物结合,共获得5个与种皮色泽连锁的AFLP标记.5个特异AFLP片段分别被回收、克隆、测序,并与白菜型油菜基因组序列进行同源比对,均与A09染色体表现同源.将5个AFLP标记成功转化成5个SCAR标记,用F2群体对SCAR标记进行检测,筛选到1个共显性标记.     

A structural mass spectrometry strategy for the relative quantitation of ligands on mixed monolayer-protected gold nanoparticles

It is becoming increasingly common to use gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) protected by a heterogeneous mixture of thiolate ligands, but many ligand mixtures on AuNPs cannot be properly characterized due to the inherent limitations of commonly used spectroscopic techniques. Using ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS), we have developed a strategy that allows measurement of the relative quantity of ligands on AuNP surfaces. This strategy is used for the characterization of three samples of mixed-ligand AuNPs: tiopronin:glutathione (av diameter 2.5 nm), octanethiol:decanethiol (av diameter 3.6 nm), and tiopronin:11-mercaptoundecyl(poly ethylene glycol) (av diameter 2.5 nm). For validation purposes, the results obtained for tiopronin:glutathione AuNPs were compared to parallel measurements using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS) without ion mobility separation. Relative quantitation measurements for NMR and IM-MS were in excellent agreement, with an average difference of less than 1% relative abundance. IM-MS and MS without ion mobility separation were not comparable, due to a lack of ion signals for MS. The other two mixed-ligand AuNPs provide examples of measurements that cannot be performed using NMR spectroscopy.