Nursing and the New Deal: we met the challenge

The years of the great depression were marked with unemployment and economic ruin for many people. Americans were left feeling helpless and hopeless. After the 1932 presidential election of Franklin Roosevelt, his administration embarked on a course of government known as the New Deal. Many new and innovative programs were established to create jobs and a sense of hope for the public. This article will examine four programs that were of particular interest to nursing: the Federal Emergency Relief Act, the Civil Works Act, the Works Progress Act, and the Social Security Act. Nurses of the time embraced these programs. They participated in their development and implementation and made a difference in the lives of many desperate Americans.     

Computer-aided analysis of free-running microwave oscillators

The authors present a newly developed free-running steady-state oscillator analysis algorithm suited to large-signal oscillator analysis. Kurokawa's oscillation condition is coupled with the modified nodal admittance form of the circuit equations to avoid degenerate solutions. The algorithm was implemented by using both harmonic balance and frequency-domain spectral balance techniques. It was used in the simulation of monolithically integrated varactor-tuned MESFET oscillator. Good agreement between simulated power and oscillation frequency results was obtained     

THE LINEAR NORMALIZATION TECHNIQUE—AN ALTERNATIVE PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING J-R CURVES FROM A SINGLE SPECIMEN TEST RECORD BASED ON LANDES' NORMALIZATION METHOD

An alternative approach for determining J-R curves from a single specimen test based on the normalization technique is proposed. The procedure requires only the load versus load-line displacement record and the final crack length in order to derive the J-R curve. The method has been applied to metal and polymers of various geometries and was verified by comparison with J-R curves obtained from potential drop and multiple specimen techniques.     

Über Sorptionsvorgänge von Carbonsäuren an Haarkeratin

The Sorption Process of Carboxylic Acids on Hair Keratin Methods for the measurement of adsorption of carboxylic acids by hair keratin were worked out. The different methods show good agreement in their results. The adsorption of monochloroacetic acid was determined in relation to its concentration, time of action and pH value. Also the adsorption of homologous and variedly substituted carboxylic acids from aqueous as well as absolute propanol solutions was compared to each other. For the adsorption of carboxylic acids by hair keratin, the dissociation, chain length, substitution and solvent are of utmost importance.     

Quantitative calcium resistivity based method for accurate and scalable water vapor transmission rate measurement

The development of flexible organic light emitting diode displays and flexible thin film photovoltaic devices is dependent on the use of flexible, low-cost, optically transparent and durable barriers to moisture and/or oxygen. It is estimated that this will require high moisture barriers with water vapor transmission rates (WVTR) between 10(-4) and 10(-6) g/m(2)/day. Thus there is a need to develop a relatively fast, low-cost, and quantitative method to evaluate such low permeation rates. Here, we demonstrate a method where the resistance changes of patterned Ca films, upon reaction with moisture, enable one to calculate a WVTR between 10 and 10(-6) g/m(2)/day or better. Samples are configured with variable aperture size such that the sensitivity and/or measurement time of the experiment can be controlled. The samples are connected to a data acquisition system by means of individual signal cables permitting samples to be tested under a variety of conditions in multiple environmental chambers. An edge card connector is used to connect samples to the measurement wires enabling easy switching of samples in and out of test. This measurement method can be conducted with as little as 1 h of labor time per sample. Furthermore, multiple samples can be measured in parallel, making this an inexpensive and high volume method for measuring high moisture barriers.     

Finite element analysis of combined forming processes by means of rate dependent ductile damage modelling

Sheet metal forming is an inherent part of todays production industry. A major goal is to increase the forming limits of classical deep-drawing processes. One possibility to achieve that is to combine the conventional quasi-static (QS) forming process with electromagnetic high-speed (HS) post-forming. This work focuses on the finite element analysis of such combined forming processes to demonstrate the improvement which can be achieved. For this purpose, a cooperation of different institutions representing different work fields has been established. The material characterization is based on flow curves and forming limit curves for low and high strain rates obtained by novel testing devices. Further experimental investigations have been performed on the process chain of a cross shaped cup, referring to both purely quasi-static and quasi-static combined with electromagnetic forming. While efficient mathematical optimization algorithms support the new viscoplastic ductile damage modelling to find the optimum parameters based on the results of experimental material characterization, the full process chain is studied by means of an electro-magneto-mechanical finite element analysis. The constitutive equations of the material model are integrated in an explicit manner and implemented as a user material subroutine into the commercial finite element package LS-DYNA.