卓越软件工程师3C立体培养体系的探索

针对卓越软件工程师专业人才培养的教学改革,给出人才培养目标和基本要求,提出3C立体培养体系的改革理念和改革措施,阐述校企合作的具体培养方案。改革实践表明,此培养体系具有一定的特色和参考价值。     

Evaluating the impact of AND/OR search on 0-1 integer linear programming

AND/OR search spaces accommodate advanced algorithmic schemes for graphical models which can exploit the structure of the model. We extend and evaluate the depth-first and best-first AND/OR search algorithms to solving 0-1 Integer Linear Programs (0-1 ILP) within this framework. We also include a class of dynamic variable ordering heuristics while exploring an AND/OR search tree for 0-1 ILPs. We demonstrate the effectiveness of these search algorithms on a variety of benchmarks, including real-world combinatorial auctions, random uncapacitated warehouse location problems and MAX-SAT instances.     

Boosting Search with Variable Elimination in Constraint Optimization and Constraint Satisfaction Problems

There are two main solving schemas for constraint satisfaction and optimization problems: i) search, whose basic step is branching over the values of a variables, and ii) dynamic programming, whose basic step is variable elimination. Variable elimination is time and space exponential in a graph parameter called induced width, which renders the approach infeasible for many problem classes. However, by restricting variable elimination so that only low arity constraints are processed and recorded, it can be effectively combined with search, because the elimination of variables may reduce drastically the search tree size.In this paper we introduce BE-BB(k), a hybrid general algorithm that combines search and variable elimination. The parameter k controls the tradeoff between the two strategies. The algorithm is space exponential in k. Regarding time, we show that its complexity is bounded by k and a structural parameter from the constraint graph. We provide experimental evidence that the hybrid algorithm can outperform state-of-the-art algorithms in constraint satisfaction, Max-CSP and Weighted CSP. Especially in optimization tasks, the advantage of our approach over plain search can be overwhelming.     

Constance Kamii's research and recent math reforms

Constance Kamii. (1990). Multiplication of two‐digit numbers: Two teachers using Piaget's theory. [Videotape.] New York: Teachers College Press. ISBN 0–8077–3086–6, Cdn $86.     

Analyses of activity design in geometry in the light of student actions

Abstract

The goal of this study is to show that inquiry activities in a dynamic geometry environment, intentionally designed to confront students with contradictions and uncertainties, push them towards explanations that include deductive elements. Three different but dependent aspects of the activities are characterized and analysed: The epistemological, which includes all possible inquiry paths; the didactic, which involves only those paths that reflect the intention of the designer; and the cognitive, which accounts for actual student actions (conjectures and explanations) and their analyses. The research conclusions are based on the interplay among these three aspects. The analysis of students’ investigations and the analysis of their explanations fulfil, to a broad extent, the design goals.     

巯基化党参多糖对鼠李糖乳杆菌肠道黏附定植作用的影响

益生菌的肠道黏附是其实现长期肠道定植的关键因素。为增加外源性益生菌的肠道黏附性,对前期分离所得党参多糖(CPP-2)采用羧甲基化和巯基化两步化学修饰法,制备巯基化党参多糖(sC-CPP-2)。通过体外黏附实验和激光共聚焦显微镜法分析在添加sC-CPP-2情况下肠黏液对鼠李糖乳杆菌(LGG)的黏附效果,利用党参多糖及其修饰组分与海藻酸钠形成的复合薄膜,间接验证sC-CPP-2对LGG的黏附性,并利用流变仪和经典拉伸实验检测sC-CPP-2与肠道黏液之间的相互作用关系。结果表明：羧甲基党参多糖(C-CPP-2)的取代度为0.588±0.026,sC-CPP-2中巯基含量为(279.50±5.97)μmol/g, C-CPP-2经巯基化修饰后处于巯基和羧基共存状态。sC-CPP-2表面巯基可与LGG表面蛋白质上的半胱氨酸残基形成二硫键,增加LGG的肠道黏附性。sC-CPP-2与肠黏液的最大分离力为(101.82±5.78) mN,黏附总功为(120.07±6.81)μJ,二者间相互作用力增强,表观黏度变大,黏合力显著增强。sC-CPP-2能够起到连接LGG与肠黏液的中介作用,增强LGG的肠道...     

Quantitative Visualization of the Interaction between Complement Component C1 and Immunoglobulin G: The Effect of CH1 Domain Deletion

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) adopts a modular multidomain structure that mediates antigen recognition and effector functions, such as complement-dependent cytotoxicity. IgG molecules are self-assembled into a hexameric ring on antigen-containing membranes, recruiting the complement component C1q. In order to provide deeper insights into the initial step of the complement pathway, we report a high-speed atomic force microscopy study for the quantitative visualization of the interaction between mouse IgG and the C1 complex composed of C1q, C1r, and C1s. The results showed that the C1q in the C1 complex is restricted regarding internal motion, and that it has a stronger binding affinity for on-membrane IgG2b assemblages than C1q alone, presumably because of the lower conformational entropy loss upon binding. Furthermore, we visualized a 1:1 stoichiometric interaction between C1/C1q and an IgG2a variant that lacks the entire C_H1 domain in the absence of an antigen. In addition to the canonical C1q-binding site on Fc, their interactions are mediated through a secondary site on the C_L domain that is cryptic in the presence of the C_H1 domain. Our findings offer clues for novel-modality therapeutic antibodies.     

2-Arachidonoyl glycerol suppresses gastric emptying via the cannabinoid receptor 1-cholecystokinin signaling pathway in mice

2-Monoacylglycerol (2-MAG) is one of the digestion products of dietary lipids. We recently demonstrated that a 2-MAG, 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) potently stimulated cholecystokinin (CCK) secretion via cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) in a murine CCK-producing cell line, STC-1. CCK plays a crucial role in suppressing postprandial gastric emptying. To examine the effect of 2-AG on gastric emptying, we performed acetaminophen and phenol red recovery tests under oral or intraperitoneal administration of 2-AG in mice. Orally administered 2-AG (25 mg/kg) suppressed the gastric emptying rate in mice, as determined by the acetaminophen absorption test and phenol red recovery test. Intraperitoneal administration of a cholecystokinin A receptor antagonist (0.5 mg/kg) attenuated the gastric inhibitory emptying effect. In addition, both oral (10 mg/kg) and intraperitoneal (0.5 mg/kg) administration of a CB1 antagonist counteracted the 2-AG-induced gastric inhibitory effect. Furthermore, intraperitoneal 2-AG (25 mg/kg) suppressed gastric emptying. These results indicate that 2-AG exhibits an inhibitory effect on gastric emptying in mice, possibly mediated by stimulating both CCK secretion via CB1 expressed in CCK-producing cells and acting on CB1 expressed in the peripheral nerves. Our findings provide novel insights into the 2-MAG-sensing mechanism in enteroendocrine cells and the physiological role of 2-MAG.     

Effect of temperature on the stereoselectivity of phospholipase D toward glycerol in the transphosphatidylation of phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidylglycerol

In this study, the effect of temperature on the stereoselectivity of phospholipase D (PLD) toward the two primary hydroxyl groups of glycerol in the transphosphatidylation reaction of phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidylglycerol (PtdGro) was investigated. For this purpose, PLD from bacteria (Streptomyces septatus TH-2, S. halstedii subsp. scabies K6, and Actinomadura sp.) and cabbage were tested. At the reaction temperatures employed (0–60°C), the proportions of the two PtdGro diastereomers, namely, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-3′-sn-glycerol (R,R configuration) and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphol-1′-sn-glycerol (R,S configuration), which were produced with PLD from Streptomyces TH-2 and Actinomadura sp., changed gradually from 50% R,R and 50% R,S at 50–60°C to 70% R,R and 30% R,S at O°C. These alterations suggested that the stereoselectivity of the bacterial PLD toward the two primary hydroxyl groups of prochiral glycerol was significantly influenced by reaction temperature. PLD from Streptomyces K6 showed relatively little effect of temperature on stereoselectivity, giving 65–69% R,R in the temperature range of 60–10°C examined. The plots of In ([R,R]/[R,S]) vs. 1/T gave good linear fits for these three bacterial PLD. No temperature effect was observed for cabbage PLD, which gave an almost equimolar mixture of the R,R and R,S diastereomers in the range from 0 to 40°C. The temperature-dependent change in enantiomeric selectivity of the bacterial PLD promises potentially profitable commercial exploitation.     

Enhancement of Anti-Tumoral Immunity by β-Casomorphin-7 Inhibits Cancer Development and Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer

β-Casomorphin-7 (BCM) is a degradation product of β-casein, a milk component, and has been suggested to affect the immune system. However, its effect on mucosal immunity, especially anti-tumor immunity, in cancer-bearing individuals is not clear. We investigated the effects of BCM on lymphocytes using an in vitro system comprising mouse splenocytes, a mouse colorectal carcinogenesis model, and a mouse orthotopic colorectal cancer model. Treatment of mouse splenocytes with BCM in vitro reduced numbers of cluster of differentiation (CD) 20⁺ B cells, CD4⁺ T cells, and regulatory T cells (Tregs), and increased CD8⁺ T cells. Administration of BCM and the CD10 inhibitor thiorphan (TOP) to mice resulted in similar alterations in the lymphocyte subsets in the spleen and intestinal mucosa. BCM was degraded in a concentration- and time-dependent manner by the neutral endopeptidase CD10, and the formed BCM degradation product did not affect the lymphocyte counts. Furthermore, degradation was completely suppressed by TOP. In the azoxymethane mouse colorectal carcinogenesis model, the incidence of aberrant crypt foci, adenoma, and adenocarcinoma was reduced by co-treatment with BCM and TOP. Furthermore, when CT26 mouse colon cancer cells were inoculated into the cecum of syngeneic BALB/c mice and concurrently treated with BCM and TOP, infiltration of CD8⁺ T cells was promoted, and tumor growth and liver metastasis were suppressed. These results suggest that by suppressing the BCM degradation system, the anti-tumor effect of BCM is enhanced and it can suppress the development and progression of colorectal cancer.