Lightning Observation in 3D Using a Multiple LF Sensor Network and Comparison with Radar Reflectivity

A three‐dimensional (3D) lightning mapper consisting of multiple low‐frequency (LF) sensors has been developed to monitor thunderstorms and to estimate their charge structure. We have been conducting an observation campaign using the 3D lightning mapper in Kansai, Japan, since October 2012. In this study, we determine 3D source locations of intracloud and cloud‐to‐ground flashes and compare them with the radar reflectivity estimated by phased‐array radar (PAR) with high temporal and spatial resolution. Most LF sources are located in high radar reflectivity regions, confirming that the 3D LF lightning mapper monitors thunderstorms. A lightning flash with heavy branches is clearly imaged. Based on the bidirectional leader theory that negative and positive ends of a lightning leader develop simultaneously, we estimate the positive and negative charge regions in a thundercloud from the LF source locations. The radar reflectivity estimated by PAR supports the charge structure estimated by LF source locations.     

Diagnosis Criterion of Abnormality of Transformer Winding by Frequency Response Analysis (FRA)

Frequency response analysis (FRA) is a powerful technique to detect internal abnormalities within power transformers. However, diagnosis criteria of power transformers by FRA have not been fully established yet. In this paper, a new evaluation method of degree of identification between two transfer functions is proposed. In the proposed method, a frequency window is employed and cross‐correlation factor is calculated with moving the window. Furthermore, the proposed method is applied to transfer functions of real transformers with or without some abnormalities. Based on this discussion, objective criteria for diagnosis of abnormalities of transformer windings by FRA are proposed. The proposed criteria are based on a few data of transformers with some abnormalities. Therefore, the proposed criteria are tentative and they would be improved by accumulation of further data.     

Day‐Ahead Global Solar Radiation Forecasting Using Binary Trees and Factor Analysis

A method is proposed for forecasting global solar radiation. The method is based on weather information using binary trees and factor analysis. The feature of this method is that it is possible to use a simple linear forecasting equation. The method has been tested on meteorological and global solar radiation data obtained at several observation sites, and the results show that it is a promising means of maintaining the balance between demand and supply of electric power in power systems of the near future with a large number of photovoltaic systems installed.     

Optimal control for linear continuous-time systems with general noises based upon sampled data

This paper is concerned with the optimal control problem for continuous-time systems with general noises, based upon sampled data, under the quadratic cost functional. The system is described by a linear stochastic integral equation, the observations are made at discrete times, and the noise processes are not assumed zero-moan Gaussian and/or white. Derived is the optimal controller algorithm, where the optimal input consists of the following two: (1) the optimal input for usual linear-quadratic-Gaussian control systems and (2) its correction input due to the fact that the noise processes arc non-white and have non-zero means.     

高效液相色谱法测定六种大豆异黄酮及雌马酚的含量

针对豆制品中同时测定大豆异黄酮和雌马酚方法存在的问题,优化并建立了同时测定6种大豆异黄酮和雌马酚的高效液相检测程序,并测定了几种市售豆乳中大豆异黄酮的含量。采用乙腈/甲醇（v/v,5/2）和水为流动相、流速1.0mL/min、检测波长254nm,6种大豆异黄酮和雌马酚均得到良好的分离,相关系数R2分别为0.9998、0.9989、0.9997、0.9986、0.9998、0.9995、0.9999,线性关系良好。该方法准确、灵敏,适合于豆制品中大豆异黄酮及雌马酚的检测。     

铁损测试仪的校准方法之研究(一)

对单片硅钢片的铁损测试是硅钢片的生产和使用厂家如电机/变压器等产品质量的一项重要评价项目，本文就单片硅钢片铁损测试仪及其校准方法，从理论和实际应用两方面探讨了如何在不利用标准铁板对铁损测试仪进行校准的可行性，为铁损仪生产和使用厂家的设备校准提出了可靠的方法。     

Alleviation Technique for Thermal Concentration on Specific Switching Devices in Zero‐Speed Driving of PMSM

In this paper, a technique is proposed for alleviating the thermal concentration on specific switching devices by using a zero‐sequence voltage in a three‐level inverter that drives a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) in a zero‐speed and high‐torque condition. The use of the PMSM in home electronics and industrial products has become widespread, since it can realize miniaturization and a high efficiency drive. However, a large DC current flows when the PMSM is used in a zero‐speed and high‐torque condition, for example, in the hill‐start of electric vehicles, start or stop of elevators, or servo lock of servo pressing machines, and so on. In these cases, the current flows in the specific switching devices and heat generation is locally concentrated. This problem is unavoidable in a conventional two‐level inverter. A technique that can change the current path in a three‐level inverter and control the losses generated in the switching devices is proposed. We evaluated the effects of the proposed technique through a circuit simulation in which the electrical characteristics of a commercially available power device were applied. The proposed technique can reduce the highest loss of the switching devices in the three‐level inverter by about 40% as compared to that in a conventional inverter. Moreover, a method is proposed that suppresses the neutral point potential variation between the power supplies. This method can also reduce the maximum loss of the specific switching devices by about 30%.     

Quality Evaluation of Fish Meat by 31 Phosphorus-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

³¹Phosphorus-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (³¹P-NMR) was used to evaluate degree of freshness of loach muscle depending on metabolic changes of high energy phosphate compounds. The phosphocreatine ([PCr])/inorganic phosphate ([Pi]) ratio was found to be a sensitive index of early metabolic hypofunction. Ratios of [PCr]/β-phosphate of ATP ([β-ATP]), and [Pi]/[β-ATP] were demonstrated to be appropriate indexes to estimate such metabolic changes in fresh fish. The intramuscular levels of creatine phosphate, ATP and pH were maintained at higher levels in blood-drained loach than in untreated fish. The freshness of fish which were bled and washed at lower temperatures were better preserved.