Fractal-wavelet image denoising revisited.

The essence of fractal image denoising is to predict the fractal code of a noiseless image from its noisy observation. From the predicted fractal code, one can generate an estimate of the original image. We show how well fractal-wavelet denoising predicts parent wavelet subtress of the noiseless image. The performance of various fractal-wavelet denoising schemes (e.g., fixed partitioning, quadtree partitioning) is compared to that of some standard wavelet thresholding methods. We also examine the use of cycle spinning in fractal-based image denoising for the purpose enhancing the denoised estimates. Our experimental results show that these fractal-based image denoising methods are quite competitive with standard wavelet thresholding methods for image denoising. Finally, we compare the performance of the pixel- and wavelet-based fractal denoising schemes.     

Efficient random subcloning of DNA sheared in a recirculating point-sink flow system

Based on a high-performance liquid chromatographic pump, we have built a device that allows recirculation of DNA through a 63-microm orifice with ensuing fractionation to a minimum fragment size of approximately 300 base pairs. Residence time of the DNA fragments in the converging flow created by a sudden contraction was found to be sufficiently long to allow extension of the DNA molecules into a highly extended conformation and, hence, breakage to occur at midpoint. In most instances, 30 passages sufficed to obtain a narrow size distribution, with >90% of the fragments lying within a 2-fold size distribution. The shear rate required to achieve breakage was found to be inversely proportional to the 1.0 power of the molecular weight. Compared with a restriction digest, up to 40% of all fragments could be cloned directly, with only marginal improvements in cloning efficiency having been observed upon prior end repair with Klenow, T4 polymerase or T4 polynucleotide kinase. Sequencing revealed a fairly random distribution of the fragments.     

The band areas of proteins determined by fluorescent scanning in the commercial automated gel electrophoresis apparatus

An automated gel electrophoresis apparatus, recently available commercially, allows one to follow the band during electrophoresis in real time, and lends itself therefore to an evaluation of bandwidth as a function of migration time (the dispersion coefficient), resolution and band shape. These determinations assume the constancy of band area with migration time and at various gel concentrations. The purpose of the present study was to verify these assumptions. Representative proteins and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-proteins, either natively fluorescent or fluorescein carboxylate labeled, were found to exhibit band areas which approach constancy as a function of migration time in both agarose and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, provided that (i) the protein concentration under the band was low enough to obviate self-quenching of fluorescence; (ii) the separation of the protein of interest from contaminants had progressed sufficiently during the time at which band areas were measured; (iii) the baseline under the peak was sufficiently well defined. However, band areas decrease with increasing gel concentration. Protein peaks exhibited leading and trailing tails. The ratio of the combined tail area to total area appeared to be near-constant at varying migration times. However, that ratio increases with increasing gel concentration. The tail area does not appear to be an artifact of fluorometric detection since it is reproduced upon fluorimetric analysis of the protein eluted from gel slices after electrophoresis. However, it may be due to photochemical destruction under the conditions of repetitive fluorometric peak detection.     

Effects of cocaine on dopamine receptor gene expression: a study in the postmortem human brain

The effects of chronic cocaine exposure on dopamine D1 and D2 receptor gene expression in the human brain were studied in postmortem samples from chronic cocaine abusing and matched control subjects. Using in situ hybridization of receptor autoradiography to examine messenger ribonucleic acid (RNA) and binding sites, respectively, neither D1 nor D2 receptor expression was found to be changed in the nucleus accumbens, caudate, putamen, or substantia nigra of the cocaine-exposed subjects. Although chronic cocaine exposure can produce alterations in dopaminergic neurotransmission, sustained compensatory changes in dopamine receptor expression do not appear to occur in the human.     

Symptom correlates of attentional improvement following hospitalization for a first episode of affective psychosis

BACKGROUND: This study examined patients with a first-episode of affective psychosis during acute and compensated states in order to determine whether changes in attentional functioning over time were accompanied by changes in the severity of psychotic or affective symptoms. METHODS: Attentional performance was measured in patients (n = 27) using the degraded-stimulus continuous Performance Test (CPT) and symptoms were assessed at the time of index hospitalization, and 2 months after discharge. A comparison group of normal volunteers (n = 31) also performed the CPT two months apart. RESULTS: Patients performed significantly worse than controls at the initial testing but not at follow-up. The improvement in attentional performance significantly correlated with decreased severity of manic symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest attentional dysfunction is a state-dependent characteristic of mania, and may provide an additional measure of clinical improvement following treatment.     

Circuit analysis of an ultrafast junction mixing scanning tunnelingmicroscope

A lumped element circuit model for the operation of a junction mixing scanning tunneling microscope (JM-STM) is presented. Fits from this model show excellent agreement with experimental results in the picosecond time regime. The tip sample capacitance employed in the model was calculated to be 33 fF, using the method of images. By varying the capacitance, various tip/sample geometries can be investigated. Testing the response of the model tunnel junction, for faster electrical pulses, suggests how the JM-STM can be pushed into the femtosecond time regime     

Carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons increase intracellular Ca2+ and cell proliferation in primary human mammary epithelial cells

A method was developed to determine in eggs 2 components [4,6-dimethyl-2-hydroxypyrimidine and 1,3-bis(4-nitrophenyl)urea] of the anticoccidial drug nicarbazin, used to treat poultry. Samples were extracted with acetonitrile, and the extracts were washed with hexane and evaporated to dryness before analysis by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. By switching from positive to negative ion monitoring and using gradient elution, both components were measured within one run. The limit of quantitation of the assay was 10 ng/g for each component. The results of a preliminary feeding trial in which chickens were fed contamination levels of the drug are also reported.