Design,Development, Analysis and Comparison of Instrumented Irradiation Capsule for Online Determination of Uniaxial Creep Behavior in Structural Specimen Out-of-Pile Test Results with Analytical Results in FBTR

The main intent of this work is to develop an instrumented capsule for online determination of uniaxial creep behavior of SS 316L structural specimen. The irradiation capsule has three different zones located one over the other. In the bottom zone of the capsule, the specimen is located, with one end fixed to the bottom portion of capsule and the other end connected to a central tube through a connecting plug. In the top zone a linear variable differential transducer (LVDT) is placed and its core is passed through the central tube. The end point of the LVDT core touches the plug connected to the specimen to measure the elongation of the structural specimen. In this capsule setup, bellows are used to apply a load on the structural specimen with the use of pressurized argon gas. With the application of pressure, the bottom bellow will expand and the top bellow will get compressed. During this expansion of the bottom bellow, tensile load will be applied on the specimen, and the elongation of the structural specimen will be measured by the movement of the core of the LVDT. This paper discusses the details of the design, assembly of an out-of-pile version of instrumented capsule and its experimental results are compared with literature results. The creep experiments have been carried out at three different temperatures and three different stresses (269 MPa at 450 °C, 287 MPa at 500 °C and 306 MPa at 550 °C). Initially the capsule is filled with pre-pressurized argon gas at 6 MPa at room temperature. We have observed that the force/load due to argon gas pressure is the major component for the tensile loading of the specimen and 95% of the total load acts on the SS 316L specimen and remaining 5% load only acts on the bellow. Design concept of instrumented capsule for uniaxial creep measurement has been validated.     

A hybrid multi-agent based particle swarm optimization algorithm for economic power dispatch

This paper presents a new multi-agent based hybrid particle swarm optimization technique (HMAPSO) applied to the economic power dispatch. The earlier PSO suffers from tuning of variables, randomness and uniqueness of solution. The algorithm integrates the deterministic search, the Multi-agent system (MAS), the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm and the bee decision-making process. Thus making use of deterministic search, multi-agent and bee PSO, the HMAPSO realizes the purpose of optimization. The economic power dispatch problem is a non-linear constrained optimization problem. Classical optimization techniques like direct search and gradient methods fails to give the global optimum solution. Other Evolutionary algorithms provide only a good enough solution. To show the capability, the proposed algorithm is applied to two cases 13 and 40 generators, respectively. The results show that this algorithm is more accurate and robust in finding the global optimum than its counterparts.     

Interruption of hydration state of thermoresponsive polymer,poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) in guanidinium hydrochloride

In this article, we investigate the effect of guanidinium hydrochloride (GdnHCl) on the phase transition temperature of poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) in aqueous solution with the aid of fluorescence spectroscopy, viscosity (η), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements. Temperature dependent fluorescence intensity measurements have been employed successfully to determine the conformational change of PNIPAM through evaluating the Gibbs free energy changes. Additionally, direct hydrogen bonding formation between GdnHCl and PNIPAM has been confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy measurements at various concentrations of GdnHCl. The intermolecular interactions were also studied in terms of amide I band analysis, which reveals the interruption of hydrated coil conformation of PNIPAM. The degree of destabilization of PNIPAM progressively increases with increasing concentration of the denaturant.     

Copper‐Catalyzed Regio‐ and Stereoselective Ring‐Opening of Cyclic Sulfamidates with Grignard Reagents assisted by Lithium Chloride

Copper‐catalyzed ring‐opening reactions of cyclic 1,2‐sulfamidates with a wide range of Grignard reagents have been investigated. The use of lithium chloride as an additive is essential to activate C O bond cleavage. The reaction represents highly regio‐ and stereoselective, and thus allows for efficient synthesis of enantioenriched α‐branched benzylamine derivatives. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the products are potential to be used as building blocks for the preparation of wide range of nitrogen‐containing heterocycles.