The burden of nocturnal enuresis

Nocturnal enuresis is a well-known "low-severity high-prevalence" condition in paediatrics, with extensive psychosocial suffering. This suffering is not always realized by paediatricians and other professionals. The aim of this study is to show that enuresis not only has an impact on the child, but also frustrates the entire family. The literature shows that nocturnal enuresis causes distress and low self-esteem for the child. It also has major social and economic implications for the family, with an increasing intolerance as the child grows older. An analysis of nine studies on the impact of successful treatment on the psychological condition of enuretic children showed improved behaviour and personality scores. In five studies the improvement in mental health was significantly related to treatment success. Timely treatment will prevent psychosocial damage, favour a normal development of the child and bring practical relief to the family.     

Recognition of Interlingual Homophones in Bilingual Auditory Word Recognition.

How do bilinguals recognize interlingual homophones? In a gating study, word identification and language membership decisions by Dutch-English bilinguals were delayed for interlingual homophones relative to monolingual controls. At the same time, participant judgments were sensitive to subphonemic cues. These findings suggest that auditory lexical access is language nonselective but is sensitive to language-specific characteristics of the input. In 2 cross-modal priming experiments, visual lexical decision times were shortest for monolingual controls preceded by their auditory equivalents. Response times to interlingual homophones accompanied by their corresponding auditory English or Dutch counterparts were also shorter than in unrelated conditions. However, they were longer than in the related monolingual control conditions, providing evidence for online competition of the 2 near-homophonic representations. Experiment 3 suggested that participants used sublexical cues to differentiate the 2 versions of a homophone after language nonselective access. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)