Responses to evaluation as a function of initial self-perceptions.

Reviews literature on the relationship between favorability of one's initial attitudes toward himself and his reactions to evaluative feedback. In accord with consistency theories, evaluations consistent with one's initial expectancies were more accurately retained, given more credence, and assumed to result more from one's own abilities than were those which were inconsistent. Affective reactions were more in line with self-enhancement views: they were more favorable to positive than to negative evaluations, and this was as much, if not more, the case for people with negative expectancies as for those with positive expectancies. Other theoretical implications are discussed as well as ambiguities and limitations in the available evidence. (21/2 p ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Computer-generated multiple-phase-level holograms by use of color-printer techniques

High-efficiency phase-only computer-generated holograms (CGH's) were produced expediently and inexpensively by a color-encoded discrete-phase-level process. Computer-generated-hologram gray levels were mapped to color with a high-resolution color printer, and color was mapped to phase by a broad-spectral-sensitivity high-resolution black-and-white film. Experimental results illustrating colorto optical-density and color-to-phase mapping are presented for Kodak 649F film. A variety of optical interconnection elements exhibiting high diffraction efficiencies and high contrast ratios for both on- and off-axis performance were fabricated by this technique. Typical experimental results are presented.     

Self-prediction: Exploring the parameters of accuracy.

Conducted 4 studies with 312 undergraduates to explore self-prediction processes of individuals. Study 1 examined the types of information people report using when making self-predictions. Five categories of information were determined. Studies 2 and 3 examined the relation between the use of different categories of information and self-perception accuracy. Results demonstrate the utility of attending to personal base rate and personal disposition information in formulating accurate self-predictions. Individual differences in accuracy as a function of public and private self-consciousness were also evident. Study 4 found that more certain self-predictions, as well as predictions that were distinct from what was expected for the average individual, were more accurate. Overall, findings suggest the importance of attending to individuating information in formulating accurate self-predictions. (70 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Symbolic interactionist view of self-concept: Through the looking glass darkly.

Reviews research on the relationship between self-perceptions and evaluations from other people. Studies of naturalistic interactions indicate that people's self-perceptions agree substantially with the way they perceive themselves as being viewed by others. However, there is no consistent agreement between people's self-perceptions and how they are actually viewed by others. There is no clear indication that self-evaluations are influenced by the feedback received from others in naturally occurring situations. When feedback from others is manipulated experimentally, self-perceptions are usually changed. However, methodological limitations such as the questionable external validity and strong demand characteristics of the experimental situations employed make the significance of these findings unclear. The available evidence is examined within a framework that considers the transmission, processing, and evaluation of judgments from others. Other means by which interaction may influence self-perceptions aside from direct evaluative feedback are considered. (4? p ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Locus of control and interpersonal evaluations.

21 male and 21 female undergraduates took Rotter's internal-external (I-E) scale, then participated in a group test with 2 peers during which they exchanged evaluations of one another's answers. The evaluations Ss received were experimentally controlled so that they received mostly positive evaluations from 1 peer (positive evaluator) and mostly negative evaluations from the other peer (negative evaluator). As a manipulation of the perceived controllability of others' evaluations, 1/2 of the Ss were told that the test measured an ability and that there were right and wrong answers to the items (ability condition), and 1/2 were told that the answers represented personal opinions and that there were no right and wrong answers (opinion condition). Differences in Ss' evaluations of the answers given by the positive and negative evaluators showed that externals reciprocated more than internals and that this difference tended to be stronger in the opinion condition than in the ability condition. (16 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The use of nonspecific underlying motivational factors in the systematic desensitization of specific marital and interpersonal fears: A case study.

Documents the use of systematic desensitization for the treatment of a 43-yr-old whose initial anxieties centered around her husband. Intensive exploration of feelings surrounding this conflict led to the development of a more generalized hierarchy involving situations in which she had to be assertive, criticize others, or stand up for her own rights. The client showed apparent improvement not only in her relations with her husband, but also in her interaction with others, and she showed a notable decline in feelings of depression, self-doubt, and fatigue. The case suggests: (a) that exploration of dynamic factors surrounding specific anxieties may bring about more generalized symptom reduction, (b) the effectiveness of self-administered desensitization hierarchies, and (c) support of J. H. Geer and E. S. Katkin's (see 40:8) demonstration of the utility of the technique for training therapists. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Self-evaluation and assessments of performance by self and others.

Explored the relationship between self-esteem, the perception of competence, and actual competence when performance is attributed to oneself or to someone else. 44 male and 43 female undergraduates with high and low self-esteem performed a concept-formation task and evaluated their performance; 1 wk later they either rerated their own performance after watching a videotape of their previous session or rated the videotaped performance of "another S," actually a model who mimicked their previous performance. High-self-esteem Ss perceived themselves as doing better on the task than low-self-esteem Ss, although their performance was actually comparable. The 2 groups' evaluations differed only when they thought they were assessing themselves and not when they felt they were evaluating someone else. Potential mechanisms accounting for the differences in self-evaluations are explored. (34 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The relative accuracy of self-predictions and judgments by others in psychological assessment.

Compared the validity of individual's self-assessments with other assessment procedures commonly used in psychological evaluation. Comparisons are made in the prediction of all criteria investigated: intellectual achievement, vocational choice, job performance, therapy outcome, adjustment following hospitalization, and peer ratings. Self-assessments were at least as predictive of these criteria as were other assessment methods against which they have been pitted. Limitations of this conclusion and its implications for current psychological evaluation procedures are examined. It is argued that greater attention should be given to self-assessments and to the evaluation procedures that may enhance their predictive validity. Steps are outlined for deciding when self-assessment should be used, and suggestions are offered as to how the validity of self-judgments might be maximized. (129 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)