Effects of Surface Concentration on Drying Behavior of Carbohydrate Solutions

As the surface properties of the drying materials are very important not only for the drying rate but also for the quality change during drying, the effects of surface concentration on the drying behavior of liquid foods (sugar solutions) were investigated by isothermal drying experiments and by numerical calculation experiments. The isothermal drying experiments with gelled sugar solution systems (sucrose and maltodextrin) were carried out at various relative humidity (RH) values (RH = 0 to 84%). Separate experiments were carried out for determination of the desorption isotherms.

The isothermal drying curves of sugar solutions at RH = 0 to 51% were very similar. Numerical simulations also showed that the drying curves of these sugars at the surface concentration = 0 and 0.1 are almost the same, although the concentration distributions are different.

When a small amount of gelatin was added to sugar solutions, the drying rate decreased remarkably as the gelatin might form a thin film (skin) near the surface, and consequently the retention of ethanol increased.     

High Gd Concentration GaGdN Grown at Low Temperatures

GaGdN layers were grown at temperatures below 300°C by radio-frequency plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy on sapphire substrates. GaGdN samples with high Gd concentration as high as 12.5% were obtained by lowering the growth temperature. X-ray diffraction results showed no obvious secondary phase, which means that the phase separation can be suppressed by the growth at low temperatures. All samples, including those grown at room temperature, showed ferromagnetic characteristics. Photoluminescence emission was observed, though spectra exhibit broad and sharp luminescence bands related to many kinds of defects. It is suggested that electrons coming from defects, especially, nitrogen vacancy, stabilize ferromagnetism, and that the carrier-induced ferromagnetism occurs in the low-temperature-growth GaGdN.     

Calciothermic reduction of titanium oxide in molten CaCl<Subscript>2</Subscript>

Titanium oxides were reduced to metallic titanium using the liquid calcium floating on the molten CaCl₂. A part of Ca dissolved into CaCl₂ and reacted with TiO₂ settled below CaCl₂. The by-product CaO also dissolved by about 20 mol pct into CaCl₂, which was effective in reducing the oxygen concentration in the obtained Ti particles. The compositional region in the Ca-CaCl₂-CaO system was examined for the less oxygen contamination in Ti and the better handling in leaching. A large amount of the residual calcium oxidized the titanium powder in leaching. The metallic Ti powder less than 1000 mass ppm oxygen could be obtained only for 3.6 ks using 5 to 7 mol pct Ca-CaCl₂ at 1173 K. The powder was slightly sintered like sponge, and contained approximately 1500 ppm Ca. The anatase phae, the intermediate product in the refining process of TiO₂, could be also supplied as raw material as well as rutile.     

Chirality-antimicrobial relationship of quaternary ammonium cationics

Optically active and racemic quaternary ammonium cationics containing a chiral alkyl group, such as N,N-dimethyl-N-(1-phenylethyl)alkylammonium bromides were prepared and showed excellent antimicrobial properties against Gram positive and negative bacteria, with some exceptions, and against fungi. The influence of optical isomerism on their antimicrobial properties showed that the antimicrobial properties between racemic and optically active cationics were obscure. The order of activity of substituted alkyl groups was tetradecyl > dodecyl ° hexadecyl.     

Suppression of photo-induced dilation in cyanide treated hydrogenated amorphous silicon films

Effects of cyanide (CN) treatment with hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) films have been investigated. The decrease of ΔV/V was observed in cyanide treated a-Si:H films and the successive thermal annealing at 200°C after CN treatment induced the further reduction of the ΔV/V. XPS spectra show the indirect evidence that the cyanide species is present within 10 nm from the hydrogenated amorphous silicon surface. The results of CN treatment with a-Si:H solar cells are demonstrated.     

Taxonomy for protective ability of rust layer using its composition formed on weathering steel bridge

For a quantitative evaluation of the protectiveness of a rust layer formed on a weathering steel bridge, the relationship between the corrosion rate of the bridge and the composition of the rust layers formed on the girders was first investigated. These corrosion rates were clearly classified by the protective ability index (PAI) of α/γ^∗ and (β + s)/γ^∗, where α, γ^∗, β and s are the mass ratio of crystalline α-FeOOH, the total of γ-FeOOH, β-FeOOH and the spinel-type iron oxide (mainly Fe₃O₄), β-FeOOH and spinel-type iron oxide, analyzed by XRD, respectively. The inequality of the former index α/γ^∗ > 1 expressed the protectiveness criterion of the rust layer, while that of the latter index, (β + s)/γ^∗< 0.5 or > 0.5, classified the corrosion rate of the non-protective rust layer. The PAI is useful for a quantitative evaluation of the protectiveness of a rust layer formed on a weathering steel bridge and is an important item for the corrosion assessment of the bridge.     

Effects of amino acid replacements around the reactive site of chicken ovomucoid domain 3 on the inhibitory activity toward chymotrypsin and trypsin

We have previously shown that replacing the P1-site residue(Ala) of chicken ovomucoid domain 3 (OMCHI3) with a Met or Lysresults in the acquisition of inhibitory activity toward chymotrypsinor trypsin, respectively. However, the inhibitory activitiesthus induced are not strong. In the present study, we introducedadditional amino acid replacements around the reactive siteto try to make the P1-site mutants more effective inhibitorsof chymotrypsin or trypsin. The amino acid replacement AspTyrat the P2' site of OMCHI3(P1Met) resulted in conversion to a35000-fold more effective inhibitor of chymotrypsin with aninhibitor constant (K_i) of 1.17x10^–11 M. The K_i valueof OMCHI3(P1Met, P2'Ala) indicated that the effect on the interactionwith chymotrypsin of removing a negative charge from the P2'site was greater than that of introducing an aromatic ring.Similarly, enhanced inhibition of trypsin was observed whenthe AspTyr replacement was introduced into the P2' site of OMCHI3(P1Lys).Two additional replacements, AspAla at the P4 site and ArgAlaat the P3' site, made the mutant a more effective inhibitorof trypsin with a K_i value of 1.44x10^–9 M. By contrast,ArgAla replacement at the P3' site of OMCHI3(P1Met, P2'Tyr)resulted in a greatly reduced inhibition of chymotrypsin, andAspAla replacement at the P4 site produced only a small changewhen compared with a natural variant of OMCHI3. These resultsclearly indicate that not only the P1-site residue but alsothe characteristics, particularly the electrostatic properties,of the amino acid residues around the reactive site of the proteaseinhibitor determine the strength of its interactions with proteases.Furthermore, amino acids with different characteristics arerequired around the reactive site for strong inhibition of chymotrypsinand trypsin.     

One-step formation of ethyl methyl ketone from 1-butene and water on ultrastable Y-type zeolite catalyst

Proton exchanged ultrastable Y-type zeolite with silica/alumina = 40 showed a pronounced catalytic activity for the formation of ethyl methyl ketone directly from 1-butene and water. The formation rate of ethyl methyl ketone was much higher than those on MoO₃-based catalysts in the oxidation of 1-butene by oxygen. It was suggested that the basic site necessary for the formation of ethyl ketone directly from 1-butene and water would be the pentacoordinated Al.     

Ni含量对TiNi形状记忆合金相变行为的影响

用示差扫描热分析仪和光学显微镜系统研究了Ｎｉ含量对ＴｉＮｉ形状记忆合金Ｒ相和Ｍ相相变温度，相变热，热滞的影响。结果表明：在加热和冷却过程中，Ｔｉ－３３．３％Ｎｉ和Ｔｉ－７５．０％Ｎｉ不发生相变；ＴＭ，ΔＭ，ΔＨＭ和ΔＨＲ是Ｎｉ是含量的函数，ＴＲ和ΔＲ基本为一定值，与Ｎｉ含量有关。     

Analysis of electro‐optical properties of polymer‐stabilized OCB and the application to TFT‐LCDs

Abstract— A 9‐in. full‐color polymer‐stabilized OCB TFT‐LCD with stable bend alignment in the absence of an electric field was developed. The condition of the polymer stabilization, the characteristics of UV‐curable monomers, and their influence on the configurations of the polymer network in the cell were studied. Possible models of the configuration were proposed and their relationship to the electro‐optical properties was analyzed using a novel simulation method considering the distribution of anchoring effects from both alignment surfaces and the polymer network. It was suggested that a good performance such as high contrast ratio and fast response could be expected in the polymer network originating from newly developed monomers composed of multifunctional LC acrylates due to a relatively weak‐anchoring effect and presumably its localization near the alignment surfaces. By using the newly developed monomers under the optimized polymer‐stabilizing process, a high contrast ratio of 250:1 and fast response nearly equal to that of a conventional OCB cell were achieved.