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1.
2.
W. S. Singleton 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1948,25(1):15-20
- The ternary systems oleic acid-stearic acid-commercial hexane and oleic acid-stearic acid-acetone containing varying amounts of the three components have been equilibrated at 0°C., −10°C., −20°C., −30°C., and −40°C.
- From compositional data of the liquid and solid phases in equilibrium at each isotherm, ternary phase diagrams have been constructed. From these diagrams it is possible to predict the degree of separation which can be obtained with any given mixture of oleic and stearic acids, using either acetone or commercial hexane as solvent.
- With practical solvent ratios the phase diagrams at −20°C., −30°C., and −40°C., exhibit closed areas representing liquid phase composition. The liquid phase boundaries have been established for each isotherm investigated.
- The intersolubilizing effect of oleic acid on stearic acid, greater in commercial hexane than in acetone, and the possible formation of mixed crystals of oleic and stearic acid have been noted.
- Oleic acid of high purity can be obtained as one of the practical applications of these data.
3.
4.
Bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: current knowledge and future directions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Selina M Bamforth Ian Singleton 《Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology (Oxford, Oxfordshire : 1986)》2005,80(7):723-736
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of organic compounds that have accumulated in the natural environment mainly as a result of anthropogenic activities such as the combustion of fossil fuels. Interest has surrounded the occurrence and distribution of PAHs for many decades due to their potentially harmful effects to human health. This concern has prompted researchers to address ways to detoxify/remove these organic compounds from the natural environment. Bioremediation is one approach that has been used to remediate contaminated land and waters, and promotes the natural attenuation of the contaminants using the in situ microbial community of the site. This review discusses the variety of fungi and bacteria that are capable of these transformations, describes the major aerobic and anaerobic breakdown pathways, and highlights some of the bioremediation technologies that are currently available. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
5.
A new technique for determining the IR optical constants of materials that can be formed into thin films is presented. At a given wavelength the thickness of the film t, the index of refraction n, and the extinction coefficient k combine to produce interference effects in the film, which in turn control reflectance from the film. When reflectance is plotted vs thickness the resultant curve is a unique function of n and k. Values of n and k are determined by curve fitting. The technique is illustrated using thin films of muscovite mica, and values of n and k are reported for wave numbers from 1200 to 400 cm-1, which include the reststrahlen region of mica. 相似文献
6.
Metal contamination of urban soils in the vicinity of a municipal waste incinerator: one source among many 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Rimmer DL Vizard CG Pless-Mulloli T Singleton I Air VS Keatinge ZA 《The Science of the total environment》2006,356(1-3):207-216
Concern from local residents about possible contamination with metals and PCDD/F (dioxins and furans) from fugitive and stack emissions from the Byker municipal solid waste incinerator in Newcastle upon Tyne led the City Council to initiate a study of the concentration of these pollutants in soils. We report here the results for the metals and arsenic. Soils were sampled at distances up to 2.25 km from the incinerator stack. The intensity of sampling in concentric zones was four times greater in the northeast (down-wind) direction, and twice as great in the northwest and southeast directions, compared to the southwest (up-wind) direction. In total 163 samples were collected and analyzed for total As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn. Concentrations were generally elevated above background levels, but were typical of those found in other urban areas. For As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn, contamination hotspots were identified. These were spread throughout the sampling area, and there was no evidence of greater concentrations down-wind of the incinerator compared to other directions, nor of any trend in concentration at increasing distance from the incinerator. We concluded that metal contamination resulting from the incinerator could not be detected in an environment with generally elevated concentrations. Potential sources for many of the hotspots of contamination were identified in a survey of historic land use based on maps of the locality dating back to 1856. Detailed investigations of particular areas with serious contamination will now be undertaken by the local authorities using the CLEA (Contaminated Land Exposure Assessment) model. 相似文献
7.
Dongguang Wei James G. GoodwinJr. Rachid Oukaci Alan H. Singleton 《Applied Catalysis A: General》2001,210(1-2):137-150
There exists much current interest in the use of supported Co catalysts and slurry bubble column reactors (SBCR) for the conversion of natural gas to higher hydrocarbons via the Fischer–Tropsch (F–T) synthesis. Catalyst attrition resistance is extremely important in the operation of slurry-phase reactor systems because of potential problems with plugging of system filters and/or contamination of the liquid products. This paper addresses the effects of different supports, promoters, and preparation methods on the attrition resistance of Co F–T catalysts for SBCR use. Loading of Co onto the supports improved the attrition resistances of both alumina and silica significantly. It has essentially no effect on titania. The resulting catalysts had attrition resistances in the order The addition of small amounts of metal (Ru, Cu) and oxide (La, Zr, K, Cr) promoters had mainly small effects on the attrition resistance of the supported Co catalysts. However, it would appear that the addition of Zr to Co/alumina had a negative impact on its attrition resistance. The different preparation methods used in this study (aqueous impregnation, non-aqueous impregnation, and kneading) did not appear to have a significant effect on catalyst attrition resistance. 相似文献
The calcined supports had attrition resistances (inversely related to % fines <11 μm generated during attrition testing) as follows:
−Al2O3>TiO2(rutile)SiO2
Co/Al2O3>Co/SiO2>Co/TiO2(rutile)>Co/TiO2(anatase)
8.
N. Katsarakis M. Bender L. Singleton G. Kiriakidis C. M. Soukoulis 《Microsystem Technologies》2002,8(2-3):74-77
Two-dimensional metallic photonic band-gap crystals, consisting of square and triangular lattices of nickel pillars, were
fabricated by the LIGA process. In particular, PMMA slabs with a thickness of up to 800 μm were irradiated with synchrotron
radiation and the holes produced were then filled with nickel via electroforming. The lattice constant, i.e., the center-to-center
distance between the pillars, is either 60 μm or 40 μm for the square and triangular structures respectively. The metal filling
ratio is 10% for the square and 20% for the triangular structures. Transmission and reflection measurements demonstrate that
the metallic photonic band-gap crystals show a cutoff frequency in the far infrared regime between 2 and 5 THz. It is concluded
that LIGA is a promising method for the fabrication of 2-D metallic photonic band-gap structures, which could be potentially
used as passive filters in THz devices.
Received: 10 August 2001/Accepted: 24 September 2001 相似文献
9.
A. Schneider B. Su T. W. Button L. Singleton O. Wilhelmi S. E. Huq P. D. Prewett R. A. Lawes 《Microsystem Technologies》2002,8(2-3):88-92
In this paper results are presented from a range of experiments to explore the feasibility of inserting a ceramic material
PZT (lead zirconium titanate) into different kinds of high-aspect-ratio resist moulds. Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and SU-8
on silicon substrates and free-standing SU-8 membranes with micro-cavities or through-holes (defined by X-ray lithography)
have been used as moulding medium. Processing conditions for the resist materials including pre-bake, exposure, post-bake,
development and stripping have been compared. The advantages of different types of resist mould for the LIGA process has been
evaluated. Additionally a comparison of photosensitivity of PMMA and SU-8 has been carried out. Using a range of load pressures
(5 to 60 MPa), appropriate conditions for PZT embossing into resist moulds have been determined (ensuring minimum void formation
in the final PZT structures). In the final form, SU-8 moulds have been removed by laser ablation. This is the first reporting
of high-aspect-ratio ceramic microstructures fabricated using a combination of SU-8 moulds and PZT embossing.
Received: 10 August 2001/Accepted: 24 September 2001 相似文献
10.
Singleton WT 《Applied ergonomics》1971,2(4):213-220
This article is restricted to the human aspects of information presentation. Clearly any practical problem of display design must be solved in the context of current instrumentation and the final choice may well be dominated by relative availability and cost. It could be argued that ergonomics as a technology distinct from the human sciences must incorporate these wider factors but it seems justifiable, for the present purpose, to use the term ergonomics to signify an approach to information presentation based entirely on the limitations and advantages of the human operator.
This article is based on a keynote address to the IEE Conference on ‘Display’ at Loughborough University, 7–10 September 1971. 相似文献