A levels-of-processing analysis of Bloom's taxonomy.

Tested the cumulative hierarchial assumption of B. S. Bloom's (1956) taxonomy by orienting 80 American and 52 Australian undergraduates at 4 taxonomic levels (Knowledge, Application, Synthesis, Evaluation) to the same study material and subsequently administering an unexpected memory test. With the exception of the Evaluation category, recall generally increased, as predicted, as taxonomic level increased. Bloom's taxonomy appears to possess some cross-national validity, at least for the 2 nationalities sampled, since the overall recall performance of the groups was quite similar. In general, moderate support was obtained for the cumulative hierarchical assumption, but it is concluded that the Evaluation category is misplaced as the apex level of the taxonomy. (27 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Covering Power of Photographic Silver Deposits I Chemical Development

The covering powers of a wide variety of photographic silver deposits have been measured to discover the requirements for maximum covering power, for convenience, results for deposits produced by chemical development on the one hand and by physical development on the other and the inter-comparison of data are presented in three separate parts. This first part refers to chemical development.

Relationships between covering power in the region of saturation density, CPS, and the size of the undeveloped grains, are presented for chemically developed emulsions representing the whole grain-size range occupied by commercial materials. In general, CPS is independent of mean grain area where this is between 0.002 and 0.05pm - and inversely proportional to its square root for larger sizes. Experimental data are analysed with the aid of an expression derived from the Nutting formula for density to separate the effects of grain size, grain size spread and grain shape. Factors affecting covering power at saturation and lower densities are discussed.     

Age trends for failures of sustained attention.

Recent research has revealed an age-related reduction in errors in a sustained attention task, suggesting that sustained attention abilities improve with age. Such results seem paradoxical in light of the well-documented age-related declines in cognitive performance. In the present study, performance on the sustained attention to response task (SART) was assessed in a supplemented archival sample of 638 individuals between 14 and 77 years old. SART errors and response speed appeared to decline in a linear fashion as a function of age throughout the age span studied. In contrast, other measures of sustained attention (reaction time coefficient of variation), anticipation, and omissions) showed a decrease early in life and then remained unchanged for the rest of the life span. Thus, sustained attention shows improvements with maturation in early adulthood but then does not change with aging in older adults. On the other hand, aging across the entire life span leads to a more strategic (i.e., slower) response style that reduces the overt and critical consequences (i.e., SART errors) of momentary task disengagement. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Analysis of interaction quality in human-machine systems: applications for forklifts

The aim of the work presented here was to propose a methodology for analysis of interactions between humans and machines. The driver-truck system in a warehouse context was used as a case for empirical evaluation. The work consists of three empirical studies and one analysis of statistical data. In total 29 pallet truck drivers have been involved in the studies which were performed at two Swedish distribution companies. A framework is proposed, where effects on performance, safety, subjective experiences and physical and mental impact on the humans are used as indicators of the quality of interactions. The results show that the methodology proposed supports appropriate input for the evaluation of the interaction quality between humans and technology. One example of this is musculoskeletal loads and discomfort, which could be related to the task and the design of the steering arm. Another conclusion from this work is that many factors outside the warehouse truck affect the interaction in the human-truck system, for example the design of loading ramps. This supports the importance of having a holistic ergonomics view when studying a human-machine system.     

The Role of Gold in Sulphur-Plus-Gold Sensitization

Experimental data are reviewed which show that the internal-image speed of an emulsion optimally sensitized by sulphur-plus-gold is usually lower than that of the same emulsion optimally sensitized by sulphur alone. This demonstrates that one function of gold sensitization when combined with sulphur is to increase the probability of trapping of electrons at the grain surface, and thus to improve the efficiency of formation of surface latent image.     

The Covering Power of Photographic Silver Deposits II Physical Development *

Relationships between covering power, CP, and particle size are presented for deposits of spherical, tabular and filamentary particles produced by physical development. Theoretical data are given for deposits of spherical particles and experimental data for such deposits produced with and without a blue-black toner added to the developer. CP is determined for specular and diffuse density measurement in light of various colours. Data areanalysed with the aid of an expression based on the Nutting density formula and, where possible, compared with theoretical expectations. The various factors which affect the colour of deposits are discussed with particular reference to the mechanisms of tone modification.

In general, with increasing particle size CP increases to a maximum for particles with projective areas in the region of 0.003 um² and then decreases. The rate of increase of CP, its maximum value and optimum particle size for maximum CP depend on particle shape and the degree of tone modification.     

Processing nominal information during visual search.

Conducted 3 experiments to examine the processing of nominal information during a visual search. In Exp I, 6 experienced and 2 naive Ss searched for a single pre-specified target letter, and the stimulus exposure-time needed to yield a 50% (corrected for chance) level of accuracy was estimated using the parameter estimation by sequential testing procedure. Results show that the exposure-time was not influenced by the presence (in the irrelevant items) of the target's other case; this suggested that there was no obligatory accessing of nominal information during preattentive processing. In Exp II, 6 experienced Ss searched in Condition 1 for a single target which was specified as being one of a same-name pair of letters, and in Condition 2 for a target specified as one of a same-shape pair of letters. The exposure-time required for the same-name search was greater than that required for the same-shape search. In Exp III, accuracy of search was compared in the same-shape and same-name conditions with a control condition. The target in this control condition was specified as one of a pair of letters not sharing a name or any special shape. 12 Ss searched 6-item displays and 12 Ss searched 12-item displays for a pre-specified target letter. Results confirm the difference detected in Exp II, but they do not show any difference between performance in the same-name condition and in the control condition. It is suggested that some focal processing is required for the development of a sufficiently detailed level of visual representation to allow for naming. (French summary) (27 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Relationship between Covering Power at Saturation Density and Undeveloped Grain Size

Experimental values of covering power at diffuse saturation density of a range of commercial emulsions an energetic chemical development are compared with those expected on the basis of the Nutting expression for density. employing in the latter the grain-size characteristics of the undeveloped emulsions. For the size range investigated (0.07 to 2µ²) there is reasonable prediction of the variation of covering power with grain size, but the predicted values are too small. Apparently the average ratio of effective developed mean grain projective area to undeveloped mean area is about 2-6, this factor decreasing at a significant rate with increasing grain size. This ratio represents the product of two factors: the increase in geometric area of grains as a result of the development process, and the effective increase in size owing to light-scatter effects within the layer. Experimental observations indicate that the factorial increase of projective area on energetic chemical development is about 1-3 times. In turn this means that the factorial increase in effective size owing to light-scatter effects within the layer must be about 2-6/1-3, or twice.     

The Role of Physical Development in Determining the Sensitometric Response of Maximum-Resolution Emulsion

Kodak Maximum-Resolution (M.R.) emulsion developed fully in conventional “chemical” developers exhibits a sensitivity spread which is smaller than expected and a small reversal at heavy exposures. It is shown that these are consequences of physical development. Physical development is aided by the exceptionally small grain size of M.R. emulsion, since this facilitates dissolution of the silver halide. Pure chemical development in a non-solvent developer leads to a normal response with sensitivity spread similar to that of emulsions of much larger grain size. Physical development effects are illustrated by electron micrographs of the developed emulsion.