Identification and changes in the higher fatty acids of dried red pepper and red pepper powder

Summary The higher fatty acids of dried red pepper of the variety of Gorogled were identified by gas chromatography with using help of authentic compounds. Their amounts were determined using on absolute calibration method.The following acids were established: lauric, myrastic, palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic,arachidic and behenic acids. The results obtained from the quantitative measurements showed that linoleic, linolenic and palmitic acids amounted to 80% of the total acids.The quantitative changes of identified acids in red pepper, of dried at 60°, 70°, 80° and 90 °C red pepper and stored as dried red pepper and red pepper powder over a 6-months period investigated.The results show that under the drying temperatures applied the amount of all fatty acids decreased with an increase in the temperature. During a storage a period of 3 months the amount of the respective acids decreased while the process was the most expressed in red pepper dried at a temperature of t = 70 °C.After a 6-months storage period under the drying condition applied the dried red pepper contained a greater amount of fatty acids compared with stored for 3 months.

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Identifikation und Veränderungen der höheren Fettsäuren von gemahlenem Paprika und von getrockneten ungemahlenen Paprikaschoten

Zusammenfassung Es wurden gaschromatographisch mit Hilfe von Vergleichsubstanzen die höheren Fettsäuren, die im gemahlenen Paprika (Sorte Gorogled) enthalten sind, identifiziert. Die Mengen wurden nach der Methode der absoluten Kalibrierung bestimmt. Es wurden folgende Säuren festgestellt: Laurinsäure, Myristin-, Palmitin-, Palmitoolein-, Stearin-, Olein-, Linol-, Linolen-, Arachin- und Behensäure. Die quantitativen Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Menge der Linolen-, Linol- und Palmitinsäure 80% der Gesamtsäurenmenge darstellt. Es wurden die quantitativen Veränderungen der Fettsäuren von Paprika (Sorte Gorogled) bei Temperaturen von 60 °, 70 °, 80 ° und 90 °C, getrocknet und als getrockneter ungemahlener bzw.gemahlener Paprika, gelagert und innerhalb von 6 Monaten in Abständen von 3 Monaten verfolgt. Bei den angewendeten Trocknungstemperaturen nimmt die Menge der einzelnen Fettsäuren in dem getrockneten ungemahlenen Paprika mit Erhöhung der Trocknungstemperatur ab. Die Lagerung des getrockneten ungemahlenen Paprikas innerhalb von 3 Monaten führt zur Abnahme der einzelnen Fettsäuren, wobei dieser Prozeß am stärksten bei einer Trocknungstemperatur von 70 °C verläuft. Nach einer 6monatigen Lagerung des getrockneten und ungemahlenen Paprikas, nach Trocknung und bei den o. g. vier Temperaturen, ist die Menge der Fettsäuren höher im Vergleich zu jener der Fettsäuren in getrocknetem ungemahlenem Paprika nach 3 Monaten. Nach 3 Monaten enthält der gemahlene Paprika weniger Fettsäuren als der getrocknete und ungemahlene Paprika.

     

Stochastic Models for Pad Structure and Pad Conditioning Used in Chemical-Mechanical Polishing

Stochastic models are presented for the structure and conditioning of pads used in chemical-mechanical polishing of wafers. First the one-dimensional distribution function of surface depth in the case of a conditioned solid pad is described. Then, for characterizing the structure of a foamed pad, the theory of random closed sets is applied. An important distributional characteristic of a random closed set, the linear contact distribution function, yields the contribution to surface depth resulting from pores. As a special example the Boolean model is considered. This leads to a formula that describes the variability of the surface of a conditioned foamed pad after a certain time. Simulations and experimental data show a good agreement between theory and reality.     

Optimizing the results of pseudo-inverse simulation of the dynamics of space-time distributed processes

The analysis of root-mean-square simulation of the initial boundary-value problems of the dynamics of distributed-parameter systems is continued. The authors formulate and solve minimization problems for the simulation errors by optimizing observations of the initial and boundary conditions and by selecting reference points for simulation functions.Translated from Kibernetika i Sistemnyi Analiz, No. 5, pp. 45–57, September–October 2004.     

On the estimation variance for the specific Euler–Poincaré characteristic of random networks

The factors that determine the local magnetic properties of FeCo/SiO₂ nanocomposite powders and films have been analysed by electron energy‐loss spectroscopy (EELS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Attention has been given to the chemical composition, the local electronic structure and the atomic arrangement. The results show that the nanoparticles from sol‐gel prepared powders are generally Fe‐rich, whereas they are Co‐rich in sol‐gel prepared films. In addition, a subnanometre oxide layer at the surface of the FeCo nanoparticles has been clearly observed in the powder sample. It is found that the magnetic moment should be partly governed by alloying effects. Numerical values of the near‐surface magnetic moment have been obtained using the ab‐initio layer‐KKR method. These values should be helpful in understanding the layer‐by‐layer changes of the white line ratio close to the surface of the nanoparticles.     

Three-Dimensional Integral Mathematical Models of the Dynamics of Thick Elastic Plates

The complex of problems related to constructing three-dimensional field of elastic dynamic displacements of flat elastic plate with arbitrary boundary-edge surface is solved. It is assumed that boundary condition of the plate is given in terms of powerful perturbation factors or displacement vector function. Problems solutions are based on classical Lame equations of spatial theory of elasticity under root-mean-square consistency of the solution with corresponding external-dynamic observations of the plate. The accuracy of such consistency is estimated. The uniqueness conditions for the solution of the considered problems are formulated.     

Synthesis and structure of large single crystalline silver hexagonal microplates suitable for micromachining

We report a simple one-step synthesis method of large single crystalline Ag (111) hexagonal microplates with sharp edges and a size of up to tens of microns. Single silver crystals were produced by reduction silver nitrate aqueous solution with 4-(methylamino)phenol sulfate. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, selected area electron diffraction and optical microscopy techniques were combined to characterize the crystals. It is shown that the microplates can be easily dispersed and transferred as single objects onto different substrates and subsequently used as a high quality plasmonic starting material for micromachining of future nanocomponents, using modern top-down techniques like focused-ion beam milling and gas injection deposition.     

The Embedding of Transnational Entrepreneurs in Diaspora Networks: Leveraging the Assets of Foreignness

In this paper we examine how foreign actors capitalize on their ethnic identity to gain skills and capabilities that enable them to operate in a new and strange environment. We explore the mechanisms by which Bulgarian entrepreneurs in London use their ethnic identity to develop competitive advantage and business contacts. We find that the entrepreneurs studied gain access to a diaspora network, which enables them to develop essential business capabilities and integrate knowledge from both home and host country environments. The diaspora community possesses a collective asset (transactive memory) that allows its members to remove competition from the interfirm level to the network level (i.e., diaspora networks vs. networks of native businesspeople). Additionally, the cultural identity and networks to which community members have access provide bridging capabilities that allow diaspora businesspeople to make links to host country business partners and thus embed themselves in the host country environment. Thus, this paper adds to the growing body of work showing how foreignness can serve as an asset in addition to its better-known role as a liability.     

Synthesis and properties of lanthanum hexaaluminate ceramic La1−xCaxAl11−y−zMgyTizO18

The aim of the present work is to obtain ceramic materials with a hexagonal structure and high density, hardness and mechanical strength at lower synthesis temperature. Ceramic samples with nominal composition La_1−xCa_xAl_11−y−zMg_yTi_zO₁₈ (x=0–1; y=0–3; z=0–3,5) are prepared. The samples are sintered at temperature 1500 °C by one-stage and two-stage ceramic technology. By X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, predominant phase LaAl₁₁O₁₈ and second phases LaAlO₃ and -Al₂O₃ are identified. Ceramic materials are characterized with high physico-mechanical properties and may be find application for production of mill bodies and materials for immobilization of nuclear waste.     

Wind turbine extreme gust control

This paper focuses on the problem of extreme wind gust and direction change recognition (EG&DR) and control (EEC). An extreme wind gust with direction change can lead to large loads on the turbine (causing fatigue) and unnecessary turbine shutdowns by the supervisory system caused by rotor overspeed. The proposed EG&DR algorithm is based on a non‐linear observer (extended Kalman filter) that estimates the oblique wind inflow angle and the blade effective wind speed signals, which are then used by a detection algorithm (cumulative sum test) to recognize extreme events. The non‐linear observer requires that blade root bending moments measurements (in‐plane and out‐of‐plane) are available. Once an extreme event is detected, an EEC algorithm is activated that: (i) tries to prevent the rotor speed from exceeding the overspeed limit by fast collective blade pitching; and (ii) reduces 1p blade loads by means of individual pitch control algorithm, designed in an ?_∞ optimal control setting. The method is demonstrated on a complex non‐linear test turbine model. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.