Thermal solution of Kashpir shale in pressurized benzene under supercritical conditions

The results of the thermal solution of oil shale in benzene in a flow unit under supercritical conditions are reported. It was found that the conversion of shale organic matter into liquid products increased by a factor of 2.5 with an increase in the solvent pressure from 5 to 15 MPa.     

Cobalt-cement catalysts for the synthesis of motor fuel components from synthesis gas obtained from oil shale

Highly effective cobalt-cement catalysts for the synthesis of aliphatic hydrocarbons from CO and H₂, which are formed upon the thermolysis or gasification of oil shale or coals, are considered. The formation of the catalysts was studied.     

Environmental problems of oil shale processing industry

Main environmental problems of the full oil shale processing cycle including mining, heat treatment, and direct combustion of oil shale in power plants are considered. Possible lines of utilization of both the mineral matter remaining after shale preparation and ash residues after shale processing are elucidated.     

Catalysts in the conversion of coal and shale into synthetic hydrocarbons

The preparation and use of Co catalysts for the synthesis of hydrocarbons from CO and H₂ mixtures—coal and oil shale gasification products—were considered. Problems related to increasing the activity and selectivity of the catalytic test systems were reported.     

Design equations for the yields of oil upon the semikoking of oil shale

The yields of oil upon the semikoking of 21 oil shales from 21 different sources depending on their chemical composition and heats of combustions were considered. The simulation of these dependences made it possible to obtain calculation formulas with the very high statistical characteristics. These formulas allowed us to predict the yields of oil upon the semikoking of oil shale with adequate accuracy and reliability for shales that were not investigated experimentally based on only their chemical composition.     

The influence of aluminum on the nickel and chromium diffusion into copper during the deposition and thermal treatment of gas-thermal coatings

The method of electron probe microanalysis is applied to analyze the distribution of elements over the diffusion layer obtained by the deposition on copper of gas-thermal coatings involving Al, Ni, Cr, Fe and subsequent thermal treatment. It is established that the penetration depth and concentration of the coating elements reach their maximal values in the case of the presence of an aluminum sublayer.     

An Energy-Efficient Induction Motor with an Unconventional Electromagnetic Core

In modern power setups of autonomous objects, electromechanical converters with good mass and volume performances are used. However, the problem of lowering the specific energy parameters of electric machines remains important. This article presents new technical solutions and calculation methods for unconventional energy-saving machines with improved mass and volume performances. The electromagnetic core of machines includes a stator winding with active and front conductors of rectangular cross section. The cross section of the jumpers for connections of active and front conductors is reduced. The front conductors of the stator winding do not intersect. These measures make it possible to reduce the consumption of copper, achieving a decrease of the length of the electromagnetic core while maintaining high efficiency. It has been shown that manufacturing such multilayer wavelike windings is promising. The design of the an induction motor with a stator winding of this type has been considered. The technical features in designing electrical machines with a new stator winding are discussed. A detailed end-face scheme of the stator winding and a scheme of the sequence of conductor commutation of this winding are presented. Expressions for calculating the overhang parts of the winding are given. Results of comparison new and serial motors with a power of 75 kW are given.     

Features of Nonmetallic Inclusion Formation and Evolution During Ladle Treatment and Continuous Casting of Special Alloy Steels

Metallurgist - Features of nonmetallic inclusion formation and evolution in special alloy steels during ladle treatment and continuous casting are studied for special alloy steel 40Kh. The main...     

Trace elements in black and oil shales

Data on the abundance of trace elements in oil and black shales, as well as and the average concentrations of trace elements in these caustobioliths, are considered. In general, oil shales are enriched in Li, Be, B, Rb, Ta, and Se and depleted in Mo, Re, Ag, Au, V, Th, Cu, Hg (and, perhaps, W, As, and U) relative to black shales. Tentative values of minimal concentrations of trace elements oil shales are presented that make the integrated processing of shale organic matter economically viable to obtain by-product concentrates of valuable trace elements useful as feedstock for their recovery.