The electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) to hydrocarbons is a challenging task because of the issues in controlling the efficiency and selectivity of the products. Among the various transition metals, copper has attracted attention as it yields more reduced and C2 products even while using mononuclear copper center as catalysts. In addition, it is found that reversible formation of copper nanoparticle acts as the real catalytically active site for the conversion of CO2 to reduced products. Here, it is demonstrated that the dinuclear molecular copper complex immobilized over graphitized mesoporous carbon can act as catalysts for the conversion of CO2 to hydrocarbons (methane and ethylene) up to 60%. Interestingly, high selectivity toward C2 product (40% faradaic efficiency) is achieved by a molecular complex based hybrid material from CO2 in 0.1 m KCl. In addition, the role of local pH, porous structure, and carbon support in limiting the mass transport to achieve the highly reduced products is demonstrated. Although the spectroscopic analysis of the catalysts exhibits molecular nature of the complex after 2 h bulk electrolysis, morphological study reveals that the newly generated copper cluster is the real active site during the catalytic reactions. 相似文献
When dopants are indiffused from a heavily implanted polycrystalline silicon film deposited on a silicon substrate, high thermal
budget annealing can cause the interfacial “native” oxide at the polycrystalline silicon-single crystal silicon interface
to break up into oxide clusters, causing epitaxial realignment of the polycrystalline silicon layer with respect to the silicon
substrate. Anomalous transient enhanced diffusion occurs during epitaxial realignment and this has adverse effects on the
leakage characteristics of the shallow junctions formed in the silicon substrate using this technique. The degradation in
the leakage current is mainly due to increased generation-recombination in the depletion region because of defect injection
from the interface. 相似文献
For complex reactions, the choice of reactor type is important for attaining optimum product yields. Strategies for specifying reactor types have beenIn this paper, product yield in a Van de Vusse reaction scheme has been studied for a wide range of the rate constants, in a reactor system consisting 相似文献
In this paper, an all-optical miniaturized binary to gray code converter is designed and analyzed. The all-optical domain is now an alternative for electronic devices, where performance and speed are the key issues. Code converters are significantly used in digital data transmission in the areas of error detection and correction. Gray code is one of the cyclic codes, where the cyclic shift of each codeword is also a code word. An all-optical XOR gate, realized using a Y-shaped power combiner is used in this design to generate the desired gray code from the given binary code. The insertion loss and extinction ratio parameters are found to be 0.347 dB and 22.26 dB, respectively. The entire simulation is carried out using finite-difference time-domain method. The obtained practical results are verified mathematically using MATLAB.
Microsystem Technologies - This paper presents the design a capacitive shunt type RF-MEMS switch with high isolation, high switching speed and low actuation voltage for Ka-band applications. The... 相似文献
AC-impedance spectroscopic studies in the temperature range of 30–400 °C are carried out on solid solutions of lead magnesium niobate (PMN) with lead titanate (PT) and lead zirconate (PZ), both of them in the 65/35 atomic ratio. For PMN–PT this corresponds to the morphotropic phase boundary composition (with normal ferroelectric behaviour), and for PMN–PZ it is near the phase boundary between normal ferroelectric and relaxor ferroelectric compositions. The variation of dielectric permittivity with temperature at different frequencies shows normal ferroelectric and relaxor-like dependence for PMN–PT and PMN–PZ, respectively. Temperature-dependent spectroscopic modulus plots reveal a much broader peak for PMN–PZ compared to that for PMN–PT, which is consistent with the dielectric behaviour. PMN–PT shows nearly ideal Debye behaviour below Tm (the temperature of the permittivity maximum) and the behaviour departs from ideality above Tm, whereas non-ideal Debye behaviour is seen both below and above Tm for PMN–PZ. Complex modulus plots fit well with two depressed semicircles and three depressed semicircles, respectively, for PMN–PT and PMN–PZ. The relaxation observed in the spectroscopic plots around 1 MHz for PMN–PT has been assigned to polarisation relaxation expected for normal-sized domains. No such relaxation could be observed for PMN–PZ around 1 MHz because of the mesoscopic domain sizes. 相似文献
In this article, we report on the application of our spherical nanoindentation data analysis protocols to study the mechanical
response of grain boundary regions in as-cast and 30% deformed polycrystalline Fe–3%Si steel. In particular, we demonstrate
that it is possible to investigate the role of grain boundaries in the mechanical deformation of polycrystalline samples by
systematically studying the changes in the indentation stress–strain curves as a function of the distance from the grain boundary.
Such datasets, when combined with the local crystal lattice orientation information obtained using orientation imaging microscopy,
open new avenues for characterizing the mechanical behavior of grain boundaries based on their misorientation angle, dislocation
density content near the boundary, and their propensity for dislocation source/sink behavior. 相似文献
Transient flow during nominally steady conditions is responsible for many intermittent defects during the continuous casting of steel. The double-ruler electromagnetic field configuration, or “FC-Mold EMBr,” is popular in commercial slab casting as it provides independent control of the applied static field near the jet and free surface regions of the mold. In the current study, transient flow in a typical commercial caster is simulated in the absence and in the presence of a double-ruler magnetic field, with rulers of equal strengths. Large eddy simulations with the in-house code CU-FLOW resolve the important transient behavior, using grids of over five million cells with a fast parallel solver. In the absence of a magnetic field, a double-roll pattern is observed, with transient unbalanced behavior, high surface velocities (~0.5 m/s), surface vortex formation, and very large surface-level fluctuations (~±12 mm). Applying the magnetic field suppresses the unbalanced behavior, producing a more complex mold flow pattern, but with much lower surface velocities (~0.1 m/s), and a flat surface level with small level fluctuations (<±1 mm). Nail board measurements taken at this commercial caster, in the absence of the field, matched reasonably well with the calculated results, both quantitatively and qualitatively. 相似文献