A live recombinant avirulent oral Salmonella vaccine expressing pneumococcal surface protein A induces protective responses against Streptococcus pneumoniae

A live oral recombinant Salmonella vaccine strain expressing pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) was developed. The strain was attenuated with Deltacya Deltacrp mutations. Stable expression of PspA was achieved by the use of the balanced-lethal vector-host system, which employs an asd deletion in the host chromosome to impose an obligate requirement for diaminopimelic acid. The chromosomal Deltaasd mutation was complemented by a plasmid vector possessing the asd+ gene. A portion of the pspA gene from Streptococcus pneumoniae Rx1 was cloned onto a multicopy Asd+ vector. After oral immunization, the recombinant Salmonella-PspA vaccine strain colonized the Peyer's patches, spleens, and livers of BALB/cByJ and CBA/N mice and stimulated humoral and mucosal antibody responses. Oral immunization of outbred New Zealand White rabbits with the recombinant Salmonella strain induced significant anti-PspA immunoglobulin G titers in serum and vaginal secretions. Polyclonal sera from orally immunized mice detected PspA on the S. pneumoniae cell surface as revealed by immunofluorescence. Oral immunization of BALB/cJ mice with the PspA-producing Salmonella strain elicited antibody to PspA and resistance to challenge by the mouse-virulent human clinical isolate S. pneumoniae WU2. Immune sera from orally immunized mice conferred passive protection against otherwise lethal intraperitoneal or intravascular challenge with strain WU2.     

Toward the experimental control of dreaming: A review of the literature.

Reviews those scattered studies which attempt to control & empirically evaluate nocturnal dreaming. It may be possible to develop a functional experimental approach in which dreams become more immediate and observable aspects of behavior, rather than only memories. (96 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Ethics and psychedelic drugs.

Argues that the traditional opposition of psychologists to psychedelic drug use ignores social realities. Despite professional status, psychologists have no real control over who will use psychedelics. (0 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The hypnotic dream: Methodological problems and a review of the literature.

Investigations of the hypnotic dream have been confounded by a variety of unrecognized methodological problems, such as inadequate specification of demand characteristics, trance depth, and nature of the E-S relationship. Failure to recognize that Ss have a variety of experiences in response to dream suggestions has further obscured the literature. The literature on hypnotic dreams is reviewed. (84 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Types of hypnotic dreams and their relation to hypnotic depth.

Several types of experiences in response to suggestions to have a dream are described, namely: (1) simply thinking about something; (2) daydreaming; (3) vivid hallucinations, like watching a film; and (4) feeling "bodily located in" a "dream world." In 2 experiments, only a minority of Ss rated their experiences as dreamlike, even when hypnotized. Significant positive relationships were found between the extent to which the experiences were rated as vivid and dreamlike, and 2 measures of hypnotic depth. The variable of whether or not Ss had gone through a hypnotic-induction procedure did not discriminate among types of response. These results illustrate the danger of pseudo-operational definitions of hypnosis that ignore Ss' subjective responses. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Pioneer：等离子电视风头仍劲

尽管今天宣布其将停止生产等离子面板模块组件,但是Pioneer Electronics的美国销售和产品开发高级副总裁Russ Johnston说,该公司并没有改变其对于等离子技术的热衷态度。Johnston在星期五告诉笔者:"Pioneer并不会改变其显示器战略的大方向。我们一直致力于营造完美的家庭影院环境,而我们相信等离子显示面板(PDP)是其中关键的一环。我们并不是要降低等离子显示器的重要性。我们正在努力将我们的Kuro战略推向市     

Responsiveness to suggestions following waking and imagination instructions and following induction of hypnosis.

2 experiments are reported to test the increase of responsiveness to suggestion tests following hypnotic induction over responsiveness to such tests in waking and imagination conditions, an increase that has been doubted as a result of experiments by Barber and Calverley. In the 1st experiment 60 Ss were divided into groups of 20, each serving under 1 of 3 conditions in a 1st session (waking, imagination, hypnosis). All received a standard hypnotic induction in a 2nd session. While the treatment effects did not yield significant differences on the 1st day, there were significant gains in responsiveness to suggestions by the waking and imagination groups in the 2nd session. In the 2nd experiment, with some methodological improvements, 90 Ss served in 6 groups of 15 in: (1) imagination without expectation of hypnosis, (2) imagination with expectation of hypnosis, (3) hypnotic induction, and (4) various combinations. Significant gains were found with hypnotic induction throughout. State reports (subjective responses of drifting into hypnosis) showed that those Ss within both imagination and hypnotic induction conditions who reported themselves as becoming hypnotized yielded the highest suggestibility scores. There is difficulty in obtaining significant treatment effects unless Ss were as their own controls. (16 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Conscious control of dreaming: The posthypnotic dream.

13 highly hypnotizable undergraduates each spent 2 nights in the laboratory. Before going to sleep, they were deeply hypnotized and instructed to dream about a stimulus narrative in every Stage-1 REM dream of the night. A 2nd stimulus narrative was used for the other night in counterbalanced order. Dream reports were obtained from Stage-1 REM awakenings. All Ss but 1 showed some effects, and the mean effect across Ss ranges from 2 1/2-4 elements of the stimulus narratives clearly appearing in the dreams. The peak effect ranged from 0-24 1/2 elements. Thematic analysis indicates that 8 reported at least 1 dream in which the stimulus narrative was a dominant content organizer. The number of stimulus narrative elements appearing in the dream reports was positively correlated with hypnotizability, i.e., with factors of hypnotizability characterizing an ability to function in an altered state of consciousness and negatively with the compulsive, inhibitory aspects of hypnotizability. Hypnosis is clearly helpful, but may not be necessary to achieve deliberate control of dream content. Such control may have important therapeutic and growth applications. (51 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Increases in hypnotizability resulting from a prolonged program for enhancing personal growth.

Hypnotizability, here conceived of as the capacity to allow an altered state of consciousness to develop in a situation of interpersonal trust, was initially reported to be highly stable for a given individual. It was found that significant increases in hypnotizability of 3 female and 4 male adults resulted from participation in a unique, 9-mo program for enhancing personal maturity, the Esalen Residential Program. Results are congruent with a hypothesis that an ability to develop and use altered states of consciousness is a normal human capacity which is generally inhibited in Western culture. (52 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)