Converging measurement of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism.

The constructs of horizontal (H) and vertical (V) individualism (I) and collectivism (C) were theoretically defined and empirically supported. Study 1 confirmed, via factor analysis, that the 4 constructs, HI, V1, HC, and VC, which were previously found in the United States, which has an individualist culture, also were found in Korea which has a collectivist culture. Study 2 investigated multimethod-multitrait matrices measuring the constructs and generally supported their convergent and divergent validity. Study 3 showed how these 4 constructs relate to previously identified components by H. C. Triandis and colleagues. Study 4 showed the relationships of the measurement of the 4 constructs to some of the measures used by other researchers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A restatement and test of Schlosberg's theory of emotion with two kinds of subjects from Greece.

Schlosberg's dimensional theory of emotion, including the dimension of tension-sleep, is tested to compare results obtained previously with American college students with those obtained in this study using Greek Ss. 15 Greek villagers and 15 college students in Athens comprised the 2 experimental groups which differed from each other in educational level and in lifetime movie attendance. The data indicate that Schlosberg's conclusions are now valid for non-Western groups as well as Western. Furthermore an emotion solid can be plotted from data collected by making use of Schlosberg's procedure, but the shape of the solid is not the same as that previously presented by Schlosberg. 18 references. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cross-cultural psychology.

Cross-cultural psychologists have supplied information that can be integrated into regular psychology courses for undergraduates. References to this kind of information are provided, and methodological problems of cross-cultural research are discussed in terms of differing meanings of concepts, translation, and bias in the use of single research methods. The benefits and difficulties of cross-cultural research are examined in terms of theory expansion, study of the context in which behaviors occur, and the possibility of unconfounding research variables. Some of the contributions of this field to the study of perception, cognition, motivation, interpersonal interaction, and group dynamics are reviewed. Some applications of cross-cultural psychology to employee selection and appraisal, cross-cultural training, and psychopathology are mentioned. (113 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The culture assimilator: An approach to cross-cultural training.

Describes the construction of self-administered programed culture training manuals, called culture assimilators. These programs provide an apparently effective method for assisting members of 1 culture to interact and adjust successfully with members of another culture. Culture assimilators have been constructed for the Arab countries, Iran, Thailand, Central America, and Greece. The steps involved in the development of these programs, and studies validating the culture assimilator programs under laboratory and field conditions are described. (21 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Race, social class, religion, and nationality as determinants of social distance.

"In a study of social distance of college students with respect to various social objects, a factorial design with two levels of value of race, social class, religion, and nationality was employed and analyses of variance were computed on social distance scores. For white Ss race and social class were found to be more important determinants of social distance than religion or nationality… . The data are interpreted in terms of a theory of prejudice that employs conformity, cognitive dissonance, and insecurity as its main constructs." (31 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Lawrence M. Stolurow (1918–2009).

Lawrence M. Stolurow died at home in La Jolla, California, on August 14, 2009, at the age of 91. He was professor of education and director of the Center for Educational Experimentation, Development, and Evaluation at the University of Iowa from 1977 to 1989, when he became emeritus professor. Previously, Stolurow held positions at the University of Pittsburgh (1947–1953), the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign (1953–1966), Harvard University (1966 –1971), and the State University of New York (SUNY) at Stony Brook (1971–1977). He was born in St. Paul, Minnesota, on August 3, 1918, the son of Ruth M. and Peter J. Stolurow. During his long academic career, Stolurow made many contributions to learning theory and research, the study of individual differences in abilities and mental retardation, computer-aided instruction, educational technology, and techniques for teaching foreign languages and basic information (e.g., WATTOO). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts.

Three aspects of the self (private, public, collective) with different probabilities in different kinds of social environments were sampled. Three dimensions of cultural variation (individualism–collectivism, tightness–looseness, cultural complexity) are discussed in relation to the sampling of these 3 aspects of self. The more complex the culture, the more frequent the sampling of the public and private self and the less frequent the sampling of the collective self. The more individualistic the culture, the more frequent the sampling of the private self and the less frequent the sampling of the collective self. Collectivism, external threat, competition with outgroups, and common fate increase the sampling of the collective self. Cultural homogeneity results in tightness and in the sampling of the collective self. The article outlines theoretical links among aspects of the environment, child-rearing patterns, and cultural patterns, which are linked to differential sampling of aspects of the self. Such sampling has implications for social behavior. Empirical investigations of some of these links are reviewed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)