Limits on learning phonotactic constraints from recent production experience.

Adults can learn new artificial phonotactic constraints by producing syllables that exhibit the constraints. The experiments presented here tested the limits of phonotactic learning in production using speech errors as an implicit measure of learning. Experiment 1 tested a constraint in which the placement of a consonant as an onset or coda depended on the identity of a nonadjacent consonant. Participant speech errors reflected knowledge of the constraint but not until the 2nd day of testing. Experiment 2 tested a constraint in which consonant placement depended on an extralinguistic factor, the speech rate. Participants were not able to learn this constraint. Together, these experiments suggest that phonotactic-like constraints are acquired when mutually constraining elements reside within the phonological system. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

俞孔坚的景观设计探索 回归“田园”理想的实践主义者

桑德斯——雄心勃勃的改革者俞孔坚提出了"中国国土生态安全格局"提案,并不断推广。这一国家尺度的宏伟提案的目的在于实现国土的最优化管理:保护水系统安全及生物多样性、防止水土流失及土地荒漠化、快速且有效地应对洪水危害等。这种"多目标"的理念和思考方式也体现在公园尺度的设计上,这种理念使他的景观设计作品与众不同。在他的设计方案中能够同时看到对健康生态系统的创造、对生机勃勃的公共生活的促进、对审美体验的关注、对"丰产的景观"的推广、对文化遗产保护的加强以及对"公众教育"     

Speech errors reflect newly learned phonotactic constraints.

Speech errors reveal the speaker's implicit knowledge of phonotactic constraints, both languagewide constraints (e.g., /K/ cannot be a syllable onset when one is speaking English) and experimentally induced constraints (e.g., /k/ cannot be an onset during the experiment). Four experiments investigated the acquisition of novel 2nd-order constraints, in which the allowable position of a consonant depends on some other property of the syllable (e.g., /k/ can only be an onset if the vowel is /I/). Participants recited strings of syllables that exhibited the novel constraints throughout a 4-day experiment. Their errors reflected the newly learned constraints but not until the 2nd day of training. This contrasts with previous research showing that errors become sensitive to 1st-order constraints almost immediately. A model that learns to assign phonemes to syllable positions is presented. It attributes the relative slowness of the acquisition of 2nd-order constraints to the self-interfering property of these constraints. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)