A closer look at preschoolers' freely produced labels for facial expressions.

Children's performance on free labeling of prototypical facial expressions of basic emotions is modest and improves only gradually. In 3 data sets (N=80, ages 4 or 5 years; N=160, ages 2 to 5 years; N=80, ages 3 to 4 years), errors remained even when method factors (poor stimuli, unavailability of an appropriate label, or the difficulty of a production task) were controlled. Children's use of emotion labels increased with age in a systematic order: Happy, angry, and sad emerged early and in that order, were more accessible, and were applied broadly (overgeneralized) but systematically. Scared, surprised and disgusted emerged later and often in that order, were less accessible, and were applied narrowly. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Differential electrophoretic behavior in aqueous polymer solutions of red blood cells from Alzheimer patients and from normal individuals

The recently reported phenomenon that red blood cells (RBC) from Alzheimer disease (AD) patients and normal individuals, which have identical electrophoretic mobilities (EPM) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), have different EPM in appropriately selected polymer solutions, has been further explored. Of a number of in vitro treatments to which AD and normal RBC were subjected prior to EPM measurements in bottom phase (from a dextran-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) aqueous phase system) only trypsin eliminated the difference. Thus, the differential polymer interaction between AD and normal RBC, thought to be the basis for their dissimilar EPM, can be abolished by appropriate proteolytic modification of the cell surfaces and suggests protein as a source of difference. Because young and old RBC from normal individuals, which have the same EPM in PBS, have different EPM in certain polymer solutions, and the RBC from AD patients have been reported to age abnormally, we also compared the young and old RBC subpopulations from these two sources. By the criterion of cell electrophoresis in polymer solutions the differences between AD and normal RBC and between young and old RBC are distinct. The EPM of AD and normal RBC differ in bottom phase or PEG but not in dextran solution; while the EPM of young and old RBC differ predominantly in dextran. We speculate that since the observed difference in EPM of RBC from AD patients and normals depends on protein(s) yet is anticoagulant-related (being obtained only when blood is collected in citrate or oxalate) it might be the result of an interaction (Ca(2+)-mediated?) between the surfaces of these cells and protein component(s) of their respective, compositionally differing sera.     

Practical issues in wave-front sensing by use of phase diversity

We present the results of the phase-diversity algorithm applied to simulated and laboratory data. We show that the exact amount of defocus distance does not need to be known exactly for the phase-diversity algorithm on extended scene imaging. We determine, through computer simulation, the optimum diversity distance for various scene types. Using laboratory data, we compare the aberrations recovered with the phase-diversity algorithm and those measured with a Fizeau interferometer that uses a He-Ne laser. The two aberration sets agree with a Strehl ratio of over 0.9. The contrast of the recovered object is found to be ten times that of the raw image.     

把脉drupa2008掘金包装印刷市场

包装印刷市场竞争激烈 目前,包装印刷在印刷领域所占的市场份额很大,而且仍在保持稳步增长的趋势。据调查,2005年全球包装印刷业所创造的产值（不含标签）达到2160亿美元,预计在2011年可达到2910亿美元,年增长率超过5％。包装印刷市场拥有巨大的商机．这对于包装印刷者来说是个好消息。     

CVD diamond coating for erosion protection at elevated temperatures

Small solid particles entrained in a gas-fluid turbomachinery flow can cause degradation of the component surfaces containing the flow by erosion and corrosion processes. As diamond is the hardest known material, much work has been done to use polycrystalline diamond (PCD) as a protective coating on parts operating in a hostile and abrasive environment. Little attention is given in the literature to the high-temperature erosion behavior of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond on different substrates. The objectives of this research were to develop CVD diamond erosion barriers for surface protection of cemented tungsten carbide at high temperatures and to study the erosion behavior of the coatings. Microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD) was used to apply diamond films on WC-6%Co. The erosion behavior of the coated specimens was investigated experimentally by exposing them to abrasive particle-laden flow in a high-temperature wind tunnel. The obtained results show the effects of impingement angle, temperature, and particle dose on the erosion rate. The data demonstrate that uncoated substrates suffer 6–7 times higher wear compared to diamond-coated samples at elevated temperatures up to 538 °C when exposed to alumina particle flow. This study indicates that polycrystalline diamond is emerging as a promising erosion protective coating for high-temperature applications. Paper presented at Materials Solutions Conference & Exposition 2000, St. Louis, MO.     

The “disgust face” conveys anger to children.

What does the “facial expression of disgust” communicate to children? When asked to label the emotion conveyed by different facial expressions widely used in research, children (N = 84, 4 to 9 years) were much more likely to label the “disgust face” as anger than as disgust, indeed just as likely as they were to label the “angry face” as anger. Shown someone with a disgust face and asked to generate a possible cause and consequence of that emotion, children provided answers indistinguishable from what they provided for an angry face—even for the minority who had labeled the disgust face as disgust. A majority of adults (N = 22) labeled the same disgust faces shown to the children as disgust and generated causes and consequences that implied disgust. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Assessing the accuracy of land surface characteristics estimated from multi-angular remotely sensed data

New missions and technically advanced sensors are being developed by researchers to monitor our planet from space at different spatial and spectral resolutions. Characterizing the terrestrial biomes on a global scale is a key issue in understanding climate change and the evolution of the Earth's atmosphere system. New advanced models on radiation in plant stands and more heterogeneous biomes are used to interpret satellite- and airborne sensor data and identify information on the Earth's surface. This paper presents an investigation on estimation of canopy and leaf level quantities by multidirectional remotely sensed data in three spectral bands. The purpose is to evaluate the goodness of a model in a controlled environment, using artificial input data. The results of the experiment indicate that the required information on leaf optical properties can be derived with a good accuracy within the constraints of the experiment. Estimated stand structure characteristics are more prone to error. Scaling issues, including temporal, spectral and spatial resolution, and surface heterogeneity are not addressed in this experiment.     

Differentiation in preschooler's categories of emotion.

Two studies (N = 68, ages 2;0–3;11; N = 80, ages 2;6–4;11) explore the idea that, rather than starting with a separate mental category for each discrete emotion, children start with two broad categories (positive and negative) and then differentiate within each until adult-like categories form. Children generated emotion labels for (a) facial expressions or (b) stories about an emotion's cause and consequence. Emotions included were happiness, anger, fear, sadness, and disgust. Both conditions yielded the predicted pattern of differentiation. These studies of younger children found the face more powerful in eliciting correct emotion labels than had prior research, which typically relied on older preschoolers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)