氪等离子体热力学非平衡输运性质的计算

获得覆盖较宽温度和压力范围内的热力学和输运性质是进行氪等离子体传热和流动过程研究的必要输入条件。为此,采用双温度Saha方程进行计算得到了氪等离子体的组分;采用基于将Chapman-Enskog方法扩展到高阶近似的方法,计算获得了电子温度(Te)与重粒子温度(Th)比范围为1～4、电子温度范围为300～30 000K、压力范围从0.01p0～10p0(p0=101.325kPa)的氪等离子体的粘性、热导率和电导率。研究结果表明,热力学非平衡参数(θ=Te/Th)和压力对氪等离子体的输运性质有较大的影响。随着压力的降低和热力学非平衡程度的增加,氪等离子体的粘性降低;偏离热力学非平衡的程度对热导率的峰值有显著影响,压力越大,高温区域的平动热导率就越大;高温区,电导率随着压力的升高而增大,在低温区,电导率随着压力的降低而增大。在局域热力学平衡条件下,计算获得的氪等离子体输运性质和文献报道的数据符合良好。     

Comparative analysis of the arc characteristics inside the converging-diverging and cylindrical plasma torches

A two-temperature thermal non-equilibrium model is used to simulate and compare the arc characteristics within the converging-diverging and traditional cylindrical plasma torches.The modeling results show that the presence of the constrictor within the converging-diverging torch makes the evolution characteristics of the arc significantly different from that of cylindrical torch.Compared with a cylindrical geometrical torch,a much higher plasma flow velocity and relatively longer high temperature region can be generated and maintained inside the converging-diverging torch.In the constrictor of converging-diverging torch,the normalized radius of arc column increases and the degree of thermodynamic equilibrium of the plasma is significantly improved with the increase of axial distance.The radial momentum balance analysis shows that for the cylindrical torch,the pressure gradient that drives the arc expansion and the Lorentz force that drives the arc contraction dominate the radial evolution of the arc.While at the converging and constrictor region of a converging-diverging plasma torch,the radial gas dynamic forces in arc fringes pointing toward the arc center enhance the mixing of the cold gas of boundary layer with the high temperature gas of the arc center,increasing the average gas temperature and decreasing the thickness of cold boundary layer,thereby facilitating the formation of diffusion type arc anode attachment at the diverging section of torch.