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Many models of spoken word recognition posit the existence of lexical and sublexical representations, with excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms used to affect the activation levels of such representations. Bottom-up evidence provides excitatory input, and inhibition from phonetically similar representations leads to lexical competition. In such a system, long words should produce stronger lexical activation than short words, for 2 reasons: Long words provide more bottom-up evidence than short words, and short words are subject to greater inhibition due to the existence of more similar words. Four experiments provide evidence for this view. In addition, reaction-time-based partitioning of the data shows that long words generate greater activation that is available both earlier and for a longer time than is the case for short words. As a result, lexical influences on phoneme identification are extremely robust for long words but are quite fragile and condition-dependent for short words. Models of word recognition must consider words of all lengths to capture the true dynamics of lexical activation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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Prouskas K.-V. Pitt J.V. 《IEEE transactions on systems, man, and cybernetics. Part B, Cybernetics》2004,34(3):1553-1568
This paper describes the specification and implementation of a new three-layer time-aware agent architecture. This architecture is designed for applications and environments where societies of humans and agents play equally active roles, but interact and operate in completely different time frames. The architecture consists of three layers: the April real-time run-time (ART) layer, the time aware layer (TAL), and the application agents layer (AAL). The ART layer forms the underlying real-time agent platform. An original online, real-time, dynamic priority-based scheduling algorithm is described for scheduling the computation time of agent processes, and it is shown that the algorithm's O(n) complexity and scalable performance are sufficient for application in real-time domains. The TAL layer forms an abstraction layer through which human and agent interactions are temporally unified, that is, handled in a common way irrespective of their temporal representation and scale. A novel O(n2) interaction scheduling algorithm is described for predicting and guaranteeing interactions' initiation and completion times. The time-aware predicting component of a workflow management system is also presented as an instance of the AAL layer. The described time-aware architecture addresses two key challenges in enabling agents to be effectively configured and applied in environments where humans and agents play equally active roles. It provides flexibility and adaptability in its real-time mechanisms while placing them under direct agent control, and it temporally unifies human and agent interactions. 相似文献
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The extinction coefficient ? at 2.9 μm for OH in fluoride glasses is measured by determining the amount of HF evolved during heating of the glass under steam and the corresponding intensity of the OH absorption band. This coefficient is respectively equal to 31 litre mole?1 cm?1 for BTYbZ glass (15 BaF2 - 29 ThF4 - 28 YbF3 - 28 ZnF2) and 19.5 litre mole?1 cm?1 for BALLA glass (34 BaF2 - 57 ZrF4 - 4 AlF3 - 5 LaF3). 相似文献
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An assessment of the Fe-C-Si system 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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Andr Hamwi Catherine Latouche B atrice Burteaux Jacques Dupuis 《Fullerenes, Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures》1996,4(6):1213-1226
Reaction of metallic fluorides: WF6 TaF5, NbF5 and TiF4 with C60/C70 extract was performed at appropriate temperatures. M0F5 and BF3 fluorides do not react. Chemical formulas based on mass uptake show MFn/C60 ratios up to 2.00. Compounds were analysed by means of X-ray diffraction, FT-IR and NMR spectroscopies. The presence of neutral fluorides and associated anionic species is put forward and it is shown that MFn compounds do not act as fluorination agents. Electrical conductivity measurements are also presented. 相似文献
8.
Data transmission networks and systems are often subject to perturbations due to the fact that (low level) data signals are surrounded by perturbing electromagnetic fields. This paper presents and analyses information perturbing mechanisms. The authors examine data streams transmitted by an elementary system which represents the basis of any electronic device. We show the influence of technological families of cmos circuits and present a test method and bench to investigate the sensitivity of devices under test by means of statistical parameters. 相似文献
9.
Tony Maillet Jacques Barbier Jr. Daniel Duprez 《Applied catalysis. B, Environmental》1996,9(1-4):251-266
A 1% Pd catalyst (38% dispersion) was prepared by impregnating a γ-alumina with palladium acetylacetonate dissolved in acetone. The behaviour of this catalyst in oxidation and steam reforming (SR) of propane was investigated. Temperature-programmed reactions of C3H8 with O2 or with O2 + H2O were carried out with different stoichiometric ratios S(S =[O2]/5[C3H8]). The conversion profiles of C3H8 for the reaction carried out in substoichiometry of O2 (S < 1) showed two discrete domains of conversion: oxidation at temperatures below 350°C and SR at temperatures above 350°C. The presence of steam in the inlet gases is not necessary for SR to occur: there is sufficient water produced in the oxidation to form H2 and carbon oxides by this reaction. Contrary to what was observed with Pt, an apparent deactivation between 310 and 385°C could be observed with Pd in oxidation. This is due to a reduction of PdOx into Pd0, which is much less active than the oxide in propane oxidation. Steam added to the reactants inhibits oxidation while it prevents the reduction of PdOx into Pd0. Compared to Pt and to Rh, Pd has a higher thermal resistance: no deactivation occurred after treatment up to 700°C and limited deactivation after treatment up to 900°C, provided that the catalyst is maintained in an oxygen-rich atmosphere during the cooling. 相似文献
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