Stifle injuries in cattle

Lameness of the hindlimbs originating from the stifle joint may be difficult to diagnose and treat. This article describes anatomic considerations and the diagnostic procedures necessary to accurately evaluate the bovine stifle joint. The emphasis is toward obtaining a diagnosis based on physical examination and simple diagnostic procedures in field situation. Specific treatments and/or management alternatives for cattle with various ligament injuries (cranial cruciate rupture, collateral ligament injuries), or with luxated patella, upward fixation of the patella, septic arthritis, and subchondral bone cysts are described. Current knowledge of the prognosis after various treatments is presented.     

The effect of random vaccine response on the vaccination coverage required to prevent epidemics

The response people have to vaccination varies because their immune systems differ and vaccine failures occur. Here we consider the effect that a random response, independent for each vaccinee, has on the vaccination coverage required to prevent epidemics in a large community. For a community of uniformly mixing individuals an explicit expression is found for the critical vaccination coverage (CVC) and the effect of the vaccine response is determined entirely by the mean E(AB), where A and B, respectively, reflect the infectivity and susceptibility of a vaccinated individual. This result shows that the usual concept of vaccine efficacy, which focuses on the amount of protection the vaccine provides the vaccinee against infection, is not adequate to describe the requirements for preventing epidemics when vaccination affect infectivity. The estimation of E(AB) poses a problem because A and B refer to the vaccine response of the same individual. Similar results are found when there are different types of individual, but now the mean E(AB) may differ between types. However, for a community made up of households it is shown that the CVC also depends on other characteristics of the vaccine response distribution. In practice this means that estimating a single measure of vaccine effectiveness is generally not enough to determine the CVC. For a specific community of households it is found that the vaccination coverage required to prevent epidemics decreases as the variation in the vaccine response increases.     

充实自己,把握未来

正告别"一生",迎来"一世"。新旧交替中,中国车市开启了新的篇章。2013年,在"微增长"的预期下,国内汽车产销双双超过2000万辆,再创全球产销最高纪录,国内私家车保有量进一步提升。在汽车后市场被业内人公认为汽车售后利润增长点的情况下,这     

Interaction of transport resistances with biochemical reaction in packed-bed solid-state fermentors: effect of temperature gradients

Subdermal superficial liposuction, first presented by the authors at the ISAPS Congress at Zurich in 1989, is performed with thin three-hole Mercedes cannulas (diameter ranges from 1.8 to 2 mm) to treat small and secondary adiposities and to allow better skin retraction. Suction of the subdermal layer of fat reduces the thickness and consistency of the superficial fat and enhances the possibility of skin retraction. In cases where there is a large adiposity of the abdomen, arms, or inner thighs, there is a conspicuous volume of fat whose weight tends to overstretch and to carry the overlying skin downward. In these cases we need to reduce the large fat volume to permit effective skin retraction. Therefore, we apply the principles of traditional liposuction with those of subdermal superficial liposuction to aspirate large amounts of fat from all the adipose layers. We call this technique Massive All Layer Liposuction (MALL). The amount of skin shrinkage after this "defatting" procedure is remarkable and the clinical results are very good. The MALL technique can be applied to other areas as well. In our experience this new liposuction technique has dramatically reduced the indications of abdominoplasties and dermolipectomies of inner thighs and arms.     

The ultrastructural characteristics of the changes in the rat liver in the dynamics of experimental endotoxemia

Electron microscopic study was performed in the experiments on the rat liver while intravenously administering E. coli endotoxin. The dynamics of ultrastructural disorders during endotoxemia has been established and the role of "Kupffer cell-hepatocyte" microsystem in the liver detoxification function is shown.     

Temperature of the Limiter Surface Measured by IR Camera in HT-7 Tokamak

Temperature measurement by IR （infrared） camera was performed oll HT-T tokamak. particularly during long pulse discharges, during which the temperature of the hot spots on the belt limiter exceeded 1000℃. The heat load on the surface of the movable limiter could be obtained through ANSYS with the temperature measured by IR-camera. This work could be important for the temperature measurement and heat load study on the first wall of EAST device.     

MICROFILTRATION of CHICKEN PROCESS WATERS FOR REUSE: PLANT STUDIES and PROJECTED OPERATING COSTS1

Commercial scale ceramic microfilters were used in plant tests to determine flux rate and operating parameters for waters from a poultry scalder, a poultry chiller, and brine from a delicatessen products chiller, under commercial conditions. Filtration produced clear permeate from all waters. Microorganism counts were essentially reduced to zero in scalder and chiller water permeates, with BOD reduced by about 70% in scalder water permeate and about 60% in chiller water permeate. Flux rates were in the range of 224-204 L/m²h for scalder water at 54°C and 114-81 L/m²h for chiller water at ambient temperature. Test results were used to project nonlabor operating savings and/or costs resulting from the use of microfiltration to recondition and reuse bath overflow. For a processing rate of 140 birds/min and bath size of 37,850 L (10,000 gal), an annual savings of $21,000-$26,000 were estimated for scalder water filtration, while annual costs of $65,000-$84,000 were estimated for chiller water filtration. For a deli brine bath size of 1,170 L (300 gal), annual costs of about $700 were estimated. Retentate heating and electrical usage associated with centrifugal filter pumps were projected as predominant cost factors. Besides costs, other factors such as nonchemical control of microbial growth, water savings, and reduced discharge levels may also be important reasons for considering microfiltration.