Impact of Shear Strain and Quantum Confinement on $ langlehbox{110}rangle$ Channel nMOSFET With High-Stress CESL

In this paper, we propose a new analytical electron mobility model in strained Si inversion layers suitable for implementation in a drift-diffusion simulator. Using our new model, a numerical study in conjunction with comprehensive bending experiments has demonstrated that (100)-Si has the optimum channel direction along <110> in terms of the device performance of strained 65-nm-node nMOSFETs with contact etch stop layer and that both the shear-strain component and the quantum confinement effect are key factors in contributing to this superiority.     

Inhibition of RANKL-Induced Osteoclastogenesis by Novel Mutant RANKL

Background: Recently, it was reported that leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 4 (LGR4, also called GPR48) is another receptor for RANKL and was shown to compete with RANK to bind RANKL and suppress canonical RANK signaling during osteoclast differentiation. The critical role of the protein triad RANK–RANKL in osteoclastogenesis has made their binding an important target for the development of drugs against osteoporosis. In this study, point-mutations were introduced in the RANKL protein based on the crystal structure of the RANKL complex and its counterpart receptor RANK, and we investigated whether LGR4 signaling in the absence of the RANK signal could lead to the inhibition of osteoclastogenesis.; Methods: The effects of point-mutated RANKL (mRANKL-MT) on osteoclastogenesis were assessed by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), resorption pit formation, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), western blot, NFATc1 nuclear translocation, micro-CT and histomorphological assay in wild type RANKL (mRANKL-WT)-induced in vitro and in vivo experimental mice model. Results: As a proof of concept, treatment with the mutant RANKL led to the stimulation of GSK-3β phosphorylation, as well as the inhibition of NFATc1 translocation, mRNA expression of TRAP and OSCAR, TRAP activity, and bone resorption, in RANKL-induced mouse models; and Conclusions: The results of our study demonstrate that the mutant RANKL can be used as a therapeutic agent for osteoporosis by inhibiting RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis via comparative inhibition of RANKL. Moreover, the mutant RANKL was found to lack the toxic side effects of most osteoporosis treatments.     

Roles of symbolic knowledge and problem-information context in solving word problems.

In 4 experiments, the effects of symbolic knowledge (i.e., knowledge about the meaning of mathematical notation) and problem-information context (PIC) on translating relational statements (e.g., "There are 6 times as many students as professors") into math equations were examined. College students were more likely to construct correct equations when symbolic knowledge was presented than they were when they only received a single relational statement. Ss who received a PIC that more closely resembled a complete word problem did better on the equation-writing task than did those who only received a relational statement. Results indicated that the effects of the two factors are not separate. When Ss had the appropriate PIC, performance on the equation-writing task was enhanced because Ss' own memory representations for symbolic knowledge were more accessible. Contextual constraints in the access and use of knowledge in problem solving are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reliability of prototype microcapsule diffuser for speckle noise reduction in laser displays

A microcapsule diffuser of the transparent type is proposed to reduce the speckle noise generated on a laser display. This diffuser has a microcapsule that is secured between two transparent electrodes. The microcapsule contains light diffusion particles that are electrically charged. Because the particles in the microcapsules are moved by the electric field, the proposed device reduces speckle noise. This paper reports the results of one study of the device reliability.     

Heat conduction analyses on rewetting front propagation during transients beyond anticipated operational occurrences for BWRs

Our previous study investigated the rewetting behavior of dryout fuel surface during transients beyond anticipated operational occurrences for BWRs, which indicated the rewetting velocity was significantly affected by the precursory cooling defined as cooling immediately before rewetting. This study further investigated the previous experiments by conducting additional experimental and numerical heat conduction analyses to characterize the precursory cooling. For the characterization, the precursory cooling was first defined quantitatively based on evaluated heat transfer rates; the rewetting velocity was investigated as a function of the cladding temperature immediately before the onset of the precursory cooling. The results indicated that the propagation velocity appeared to be limited by the maximum heat transfer rate near the rewetting front. This limitation was consistent with results of the heat conduction analysis using heat transfer models for the precursory cooling expressed as a function of distance from the rewetting front, the maximum wetting temperature, and the heat transfer coefficients in the wetted region. This paper also discusses uncertainties in the evaluation of transient heat flux from the measured surface temperature, and technical issues requiring further investigation.     

Microcapsules diffuser screen for speckle noise reduction

We make a proposal about the microcapsule diffuser screen with the purpose of reducing the speckle noise on a laser display. This microcapsule diffuser screen has a screen surface in which microcapsules containing charged diffuser particles are applied, where an electric field is charged from the outside, and, thus, the diffuser particles in the capsule are randomly agitated to reduce the speckle noise. In this paper, the speckle noise reducing effect of this screen is studied as well as the reducing effect with respect to the conditions such as the drive conditions and amount of the diffuser particle in the microcapsule.     

Active suppression of air refractive index fluctuation using a Fabry-Perot cavity and a piezoelectric volume actuator

Air refractive index fluctuation (Δn(air)) is one of the largest uncertainty sources in precision interferometry systems that require a resolution of nanometer order or less. We introduce a method for the active suppression of Δn(air) inside a normal air-environment chamber using a Fabry-Perot cavity and a piezoelectric volume actuator. The temporal air refractive index (n(air)) at a local point is maintained constant with an expanded uncertainty of ~4.2 × 10(-9) (k = 2), a sufficiently low uncertainty for precise measurements unaffected by Δn(air) to be made inside a chamber.     

A potent dipeptide inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase IV

A series of novel potent inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) has been developed. A brief structure-activity relationship of the inhibitors was investigated. The dipeptide TSL-225, tryptophyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, was identified with the critical structure for the inhibitory activity.     

Importance of ballistic carriers for the dynamic response insub-100 nm MOSFETs

Monte-Carlo simulations of the metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) switch-off characteristics are used to verify that ballistic carriers change the electric-field distribution along the MOSFET channel below 100 nm channel length. The field change has two main aspects: increase of field magnitude and shift of zero-field position from channel middle to source side. The shift of the zero-field position forces more carriers to flow to drain during switch-off. This results in a changed charge-partitioning ratio Q_s (source)/Q_d (drain) for sub-100 nm MOSFETs from 60/40 (long channel) to 40/60 at 40 nm and a slower emptying of the channel during switch-off than expected from the channel length reduction