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Grachev  A. I. 《Semiconductors》2022,56(2):67-70
Semiconductors - In this work, we discuss for the first time the principle of rotation in the constant electric field of a conducting particle with participation of the Lorentz force, which ensures...  相似文献   
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Koroteev  A. S. 《Atomic Energy》2021,130(4):202-208
Atomic Energy - The history and direction of further development of space nuclear energetics are examined. The functional diagram and principle of operation of a promising, powerful,...  相似文献   
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Wireless Personal Communications - Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a gradual loss of kidney function over the period of time and it is irrevocable once functionality reaches the critical state....  相似文献   
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Journal of Computer and Systems Sciences International - It is shown that the Lyapunov theorem on the distribution properties of the sum of random variables with different distribution densities...  相似文献   
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Multimedia Tools and Applications - Mammograms are the images used by radiologists to diagnose breast cancer. Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women. The early detection of breast...  相似文献   
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Objective

To provide a basis for the selection of suitable emulsifiers in oil-in-water emulsions used as tissue analogs for MRI experiments. Three different emulsifiers were investigated with regard to their ability to stabilize tissue-like oil-in-water emulsions. Furthermore, MR signal properties of the emulsifiers themselves and influences on relaxation times and ADC values of the aqueous phase were investigated.

Materials and methods

Polysorbate 60, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and soy lecithin were used as emulsifiers. MR characteristics of emulsifiers were assessed in aqueous solutions and their function as a stabilizer was examined in oil-in-water emulsions of varying fat content (10, 20, 30, 40, 50%). Stability and homogeneity of the oil-in-water emulsions were evaluated with a delay of 3 h and 9 h after preparation using T1 mapping and visual control. Signal properties of the emulsifiers were investigated by 1H-MRS in aqueous emulsifier solutions. Relaxometry and diffusion weighted MRI (DWI) were performed to investigate the effect of various emulsifier concentrations on relaxation times (T1 and T2) and ADC values of aqueous solutions.

Results

Emulsions stabilized by polysorbate 60 or soy lecithin were stable and homogeneous across all tested fat fractions. In contrast, emulsions with SDS showed a significantly lower stability and homogeneity. Recorded T1 maps revealed marked creaming of oil droplets in almost all of the emulsions with SDS. The spectral analysis showed several additional signals for polysorbate and SDS. However, lecithin remained invisible in 1H-MRS. Relaxometry and DWI revealed different influences of the emulsifiers on water: Polysorbate and SDS showed only minor effects on relaxation times and ADC values of aqueous solutions, whereas lecithin showed a strong decrease in both relaxation times (r1,lecithin = 0.11 wt.%−1 s−1, r2,lecithin = 0.57 wt.%−1 s−1) and ADC value (Δ(ADC)lecithin =  − 0.18 × 10–3 mm2/s⋅wt.%) with increasing concentration.

Conclusion

Lecithin is suggested as the preferred emulsifier of oil-in-water emulsions in MRI as it shows a high stabilizing ability and remains invisible in MRI experiments. In addition, lecithin is suitable as an alternative means of adjusting relaxation times and ADC values of water.

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