What do web users do? An empirical analysis of web use

This paper provides an empirical characterization of user actions at the web browser. The study is based on an analysis of 4 months of logged client-side data that describes user actions with recent versions of Netscape Navigator. In particular, the logged data allow us to determine the title, URL and time of each page visit, how often they visited each page, how long they spent at each page, the growth and content of bookmark collections, as well as a variety of other aspects of user interaction with the web. The results update and extend prior empirical characterizations of web use. Among the results we show that web page revisitation is a much more prevalent activity than previously reported (approximately 81% of pages have been previously visited by the user), that most pages are visited for a surprisingly short period of time, that users maintain large (and possibly overwhelming) bookmark collections, and that there is a marked lack of commonality in the pages visited by different users. These results have implications for a wide range of web-based tools including the interface features provided by web browsers, the design of caching proxy servers, and the design of efficient web sites.     

从用户角度看芯片贴装头技术

现代制造商一直特别看重在变动过程中迅速重新配置平台型贴装机的灵活性,以便能够对变动后的产品实现最优的贴装能力.现在,平台型贴装设备上提供的新一代贴装头技术扩展了这些系统的能力,可以提供高速芯片贴装功能,实现能够在不需重新配置,不会影响精度、良品率或产能的情况下,贴装常用的各种元件.它能使未来几代装配商将从更加灵活、自适应和精确的贴装头中受益,他们将提高利用率,大大降低变动时间,明显减少支持高速度、低成本、快速交货周期制造环境所需的反应时间.     

An agile manufacturing workcell design

This paper introduces a design for agile manufacturing worked Is intended for light mechanical assembly of products made from similar components (i.e., parts families). We define agile manufacturing as the ability to accomplish rapid changeover from the assembly of one product to the assembly of a different product. Rapid hardware changeover is made possible through the use of robots, flexible part feeders, modular grippers, and modular assembly hardware. The division of assembly, feeding, and unloading tasks between multiple robots is examined with prioritization based upon assembly time. Rapid software changeover will be facilitated by the use of a real-time, object-oriented software environment utilizing graphical simulations for off-line software development. An innovative dual VMEbus controller architecture permits an open software environment while accommodating the closed nature of most commercial robot controllers. These agile features permit new products to be introduced with minimal downtime and system reconfiguration.     

Presence of a Symbol

The image of the presence of symbols in an inner code pervades recent debates in cognitive science. Classicists worship in the presence. Connectionists revel in the absence. However, the very ideas of code and symbol are ill understood. A major distorting factor in the debates concerns the role of processing in determining the presence or absence of a structured inner code. Drawing on work by David Kirsh and David Chalmers, the present paper attempts to re-define such notions to begin to reflect the inextricability of code and process.     

Leogo: An Equal Opportunity User Interface for Programming

Leogo is a novel programming environment supporting an ‘equal opportunity’ user interface which allows users to express their programming tasks through any mixture of three concurrently active programming paradigms: by direct-manipulation using ‘programming by demonstration’, by clicking buttons and dragging sliders in an iconic language and by typing commands in a normal text-based language. Equal opportunity ensures that the effects of any interface action are simultaneously displayed across each of the three paradigms—input expressions in one paradigm cause output of equivalent expressions in the other two paradigms. Leogo is designed to promote programming skills in primary and junior schools, but the interface properties it demonstrates are applicable to a wide range of novel programming environments. Leogo's motivation, design, development and preliminary usability study are described.     

节约成本 从点滴开始

在所有的工业行业里，对于一个不太熟练的初级维修人员来讲，螺纹锁固和螺纹密封胶已经成为装配螺纹时保持锁固力和防止漏液最具可靠性和低成本的一种最佳方法。     

工艺参数对TVS器件电性能的影响

采用液态源扩散法制备了双向型瞬变电压抑制二极管(Transient Voltage Suppressor Diode,简称TVS)器件.研究了扩散温度、扩散时间、电阻率、钝化保护等工艺参数对TVS器件电性能的影响.扩散温度、扩散时间的增加将使扩散结的结深增加;电阻率的提高及结深的增加,将使TVS器件的雪崩击穿电压增大;合适的钝化保护方法将有助于减小器件的反向漏电流.给出了电压和扩散时间之间的经验估算公式,该公式可用来指导得到希望的TVS目标电压档.据验算,该公式的误差在10%以内.