Mathematical Models of Flavor Release from Liquid Emulsions

The penetration theory of interfacial mass transfer was used to model flavor release from liquid emulsions. The model was used to predict the rates of release and partitioning properties of two volatiles, one hydrophilic (diacetyl) and the other hydrophobic (heptan-2-one), as a function of the oil volume fraction. In general the initial rates of release were faster for emulsions of lower oil content, whereas the equilibrium concentrations depended on the nature of the flavor compound and the volume fraction of oil in the emulsion. Experimental in vitro results suggested that the rate limiting step for flavor release was the resistance to mass transport across the emulsion-gas interface.     

Composition of Montmorency Cherry Essence. 2. High-boiling Components

SUMMARY: Volatile components of commercial Montmorency cherry essence boiling above ethanol were extracted from the essence by ether and concentrated by distillation. This concentrate was fractionated by gas chromatography. Individual components were identified using the methods of functional group analysis, gas co-chromatography, infrared analysis and mass spectrometry. The concentrations of the components in the original essence were estimated. The major components identified were n-propyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, isoamyl alcohol, and benzaldehyde. Minor components identified include n-butanol, n-hexanol, a hexenol, benzyl alcohol, α-terpineol, furfural, isoprene, myrcene and numerous higher terpenes, methyl benzoate, ethyl benzoate, benzyl acetate, ethyl caprylate, ethyl caprate, n-propyl benzoate, isobutyl benzoate, isoamyl benzoate and di-butyl phthalate.     

Fretting fatigue test analysis of contact

Fretting fatigue tests conducted by Nowell and Szolwinski are analysed accurately by introducing several modifications needed to the classical formulation. With the total state of stress established, the crack‐tip stress intensity factor for a crack growing inward from the trailing edge of the contact is determined by the distributed dislocation technique. Finally, the results are correlated with local solutions for the contact stress field that enable an estimate of the crack nucleation life, and hence a characteristic material property quantifying initiation, to be found.     

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING STUDIES of the FREEZE-DRYING KINETICS of POTATO

Subzero temperature NMR Imaging of the nonfreezing water in potato cylinders is used to study freeze-drying kinetics. the analysis of the distribution of transverse relaxation rates of the samples between +5C and -25C is used to determine the state of water in potato tissue and establish imaging protocols. the evolution of the Residual Water Content, the diameter of the frozen core observed visually and of the nonfreezing water detected by NMR Imaging, are monitored as a function of the freeze-drying time. These results are interpreted with a theoretical model based on pure sublimation from the surface of a finite cylinder.     

AN ELECTRICAL ANALOGUE FOR SOLVING TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS

The paper describes an electrical analogue for aiding the solution of the classical transportation problem. It is based on the Simplex method of solution due to Dantzig. Two simple basic circuits, a feasibility circuit and a cost comparison circuit, are provided for each source and destination pair. Switching enables the feasible routes to be selected and then explored for comparative costs. The procedure is iterative. By not being self-optimising but aiming to eliminate the routine hand calculation a flexible machine is provided with simple components.     

Cell adhesion in renal tubular epithelial cells: Biochemistry,biophysics or both

Changes in cell-cell and cell-substrate adhesion markers are increasingly used to characterize disease onset and progression. However, these relationships depend on both the biochemical and molecular association between cells and between cells and their extracellular matrix, as well as the biophysical and mechanical properties orchestrated by cytoskeletal, membrane and matrix components. To fully appreciate the role of cell adhesion when determining normal physiology and the impact of disease on cellular function, it is important to consider both biochemical and biophysical attributes of the system being investigated. In this short viewpoint we reflect on our experiences assessing cell-cell and/or cell-matrix interactions in renal tubular epithelial cells.     

Progress in the application of notch asymptotics to the understanding of complete contacts subject to fretting fatigue

This paper describes progress in the interpretation of notch fatigue data by re‐working the Williams solution to bring out the effects of mode mixity and the limits of small scale yielding. The results are displayed in K_I versus K_II space. Experimental results from complete fretting fatigue tests using a high strength steel alloy known as “super CMV” are then plotted out on this diagram and it is shown that the fretting damage does not significantly reduce fatigue life, while the stress localisation effects of adhered pad edges does.