Femtocell based green power consumption methods for mobile network

This paper presents the analytical models of power consumption in macrocell, microcell, picocell and femtocell based networks. Five case studies are presented in this paper where macrocells, microcells, picocells and femtocells are deployed based on the number of mobile subscribers present in a region, mobile user traffic in that region and the area of the region where cellular coverage has to be provided. A comparative study is performed between the power consumption by the base stations in each of these five cases and that of the only macrocell based network. The simulation results demonstrate that using each of these five strategies the power consumption by the base stations can be minimized than that of only macrocell based network. Based on the power consumption by the base stations in these five schemes, we have categorized the networks into five classes, A, B, C, D and E, each of which contains cells of different types to reduce power consumption to achieve green cellular network.     

Simulation of population balance model-based particulate processes via parallel and distributed computing

Population Balance Models (PBMs), a class of integro partial differential equations, are utilized for simulating dynamics of numerous particulate systems. PBMs describe the time evolutions and distributions of many particulate processes and their efficient and quick simulation are critical for enhanced process control and optimization, especially for real-time applications. However, their intensive computational resource requirement is largely a prohibitive factor in the utility of PBMs for control and optimization. This paper describes how distributed computing systems may be leveraged to execute PBM-based simulations thus achieving time savings, using MATLAB's Distributed Computing Toolbox. A parallel computing algorithm was developed for a three dimensional and four dimensional population balance model with built-in constructs such as SPMD that ran efficiently on a cluster of two quad-core machines linked via a gigabit ethernet cable. Speedup of 6.2 and 5.7 times were achieved with 8 workers, over an un-parallelized code, for a 3 and 4 dimensional PBM respectively. Evaluations on work efficiency and scalability further affirm the algorithms’ respectable performance on larger clusters despite significant memory transfer overheads.     

Langmiur–Blodgett studies of silicon(IV) phthalocyanine bis(trihexylsilyoxide) and its optical properties

Although much solution-based research has been carried out on silicon phthalacyanines, little work has been done on Si Pc LB films. In order to attempt studies on thin films, ultrathin Langmuir–Blodgett films of silicon(IV) phthalocyanine bis(trihexylsilyoxide), C₆₈H₉₄N₈O₂Si₃ have been studied and characterised. Whilst silicon(IV) phthalocyanine bis(trihexylsilyoxide) is not a traditional LB film forming material, it can be made conducive to deposition by mixing with ideal film forming materials such as calixarenes. Surface pressure–area isotherms revealed an area per molecule of around 7.5 Å² which indicates that the silicon(IV) phthalocyanine bis(trihexylsilyoxide) forms multi-lamella stacks. Thermal optical polarised spectroscopy revealed the formation of brightly coloured mesophases in films. DSC showed the presence of an irreversible A phase and a reversible T phase.     

Synthesis of SiC ceramics from processed cellulosic bio-precursor

Synthesis of SiC ceramic from processed cellulosic bio-precursor was investigated. Bamboo (Bambusa tulda Roxb.) plants abundantly available in the Jorhat district of Assam, India, were selected for extraction of fibers following Kraft pulping method and bleached bamboo pulp fibers were suitably cast in the form of rectangular boards. Coir fibers available in the Alleppy district of Kerala, India, were initially digested with dilute alkali, mixed with cellulose acetate solution, air dried and then hot-pressed at 140 ± 5 °C under 2.0–2.5 MPa pressure to make rectangular boards. Well-characterized processed bio-precursors were pyrolysed at ～800 °C under flowing N₂ atmosphere to prepare the bio-carbonaceous preforms (carbon templates) which showed nearly uniform shrinkages in all directions. Coir fiber composite board carbon showed lower pyrolytic weight loss (～66%), higher density (0.49 g cm^?3), lower porosity (～58%) and narrower pore diameter (10 μm) compared to the cast bamboo pulp fiber board carbon. The carbon samples showed perfect retention of fibrous morphological features of hierarchically grown bio-structures. Ceramization of carbon templates could be done by reactive melt silicon infiltration into porous channels at ～1600 °C under vacuum. The final ceramics were adequately dense (%theoretical density > 99%), showed negligible linear dimensional changes (indicating net-dimension formation capability), presence of crystalline Si and SiC phases and duplex microstructure with complete preservation of fibrous architecture of plant bio-structure. The Si/SiC ceramic composite synthesized from coir fiber board gave room temperature 3-point flexural strength and Young's modulus values of 121 MPa and 276 GPa, respectively. Both the ceramic composites showed adequate oxidation resistance during heating at 1300 °C for 7 h in air.     

5G-ZOOM-Game: small cell zooming using weighted majority cooperative game for energy efficient 5G mobile network

Wireless Networks - The rapid escalation of user traffic and service innovation has made the deployment of small cell base stations essential for eventually decreasing energy consumption in future...     

LFMTCN: A Green Ultra-Dense Multi-tier Small Cell Network Using Leader–follower Strategy

Wireless Personal Communications - Design of energy and spectrum-efficient multi-tier small cell network is an emerging research area. This paper has addressed the challenges of power optimization...     

C2OF2N: a low power cooperative code offloading method for femtolet-based fog network

Power and delay aware cloud service provisioning to mobile devices has become a promising domain today. This paper proposes and implements a cooperative offloading approach for indoor mobile cloud network. In the proposed work mobile devices register under femtolet which is a home base station with computation and data storage facilities. The resources of the mobile devices are collaborated in such a way that different mobile devices can execute different types of computations based on cooperative federation. The proposed offloading scheme is referred as cooperative code offloading in femtolet-based fog network. If none of the mobile device can execute the requested computation, then femtolet executes the computation. Use of femtolet provides the mobile devices voice call service as well as cloud service access. Femtolet is used as the fog device in our approach. The proposed model is simulated using Qualnet version 7. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme minimizes the energy by 15% and average delay up to 12% approximately than the existing scheme. Hence, the proposed model is referred as a low power offloading approach.     

An extended cell-average technique for a multi-dimensional population balance of granulation describing aggregation and breakage

This paper focuses on obtaining the numerical solution to a three-dimensional population balance model (PBM) of granulation using the cell-average technique first proposed by [22]. Conventionally, linear grids are used for the solution of PBMs, but the ability to incorporate non-linear grids would be more advantageous given that a larger size range can be covered using fewer number of grids, thus reducing computational overhead. Furthermore, the use of linear representation of grids in PBMs to represent industrial granulation processes that span a wide granule size range is computationally prohibitive and results show that a non-linear grid representation is computationally more efficient with comparable accuracy. Parallelization of the PBM via a multi-core strategy has also been incorporated in order to reduce the simulation time of the model. Incorporating the cell average technique along with parallelization of the overall model lends credence to the overall use of the model for effective granulation process design and analysis.