Chemical vapor deposition of amorphous ruthenium-phosphorus alloy films

Chemical vapor deposition growth of amorphous ruthenium-phosphorus films on SiO₂ containing ∼ 15% phosphorus is reported. cis-Ruthenium(II)dihydridotetrakis-(trimethylphosphine), cis-RuH₂(PMe₃)₄ (Me = CH₃) was used at growth temperatures ranging from 525 to 575 K. Both Ru and P are zero-valent. The films are metastable, becoming increasingly more polycrystalline upon annealing to 775 and 975 K. Surface studies illustrate that demethylation is quite efficient near 560 K. Precursor adsorption at 135 K or 210 K and heating reveal the precursor undergoes a complex decomposition process in which the hydride and trimethylphosphine ligands are lost at temperatures as low at 280 K. Phosphorus and its manner of incorporation appear responsible for the amorphous-like character. Molecular dynamics simulations are presented to suggest the local structure in the films and the causes for phosphorus stabilizing the amorphous phase.     

On the determination of thermal phenomena during drilling—Part II. Comparison of experimental and analytical twist drill temperature distributions

The analytical models, developed in Part I of this paper, for estimating the temperature distributions along the cutting edge and on the clearance face of a twist drill are evaluated using an experimental technique that measures average drill flank temperatures. While the transient model tends to overestimate the values of the average flank temperatures, especially during drilling to a one diameter hole depth, the temperatures predicted from the steady state model agree reasonably well with the experimental results. The difference between the analytical and experimental results varied with the physical and thermal properties of the powder metallurgy work materials used in this experiment. The analytical drill temperature distribution models are also compared with others found in the literature.     

Development of an image-based method for the detection of archaeological buried relics using multi-temporal satellite imagery

Remote sensing has been successfully used for the exposure of shallow buried relics such as archaeological remains. The detection is mainly based on photointerpretation of high-resolution satellite or aerial images. Photointerpretation for archaeological purposes is focused on the identification of crop marks using visible and near infrared (VNIR) spectrum (e.g. vegetation indices) response, which is sensitive to vegetation stress. Detection of such marks is always performed through images of adequate spatial resolution, and therefore this procedure might be problematic in cases when there is a lack of accessibility to such kinds of data. This paper addresses this problem and illustrates an image-based method intended for the detection of crop marks using satellite data of inadequate spatial resolution. The overall methodology consists of seven separate steps. The method needs two areas of interest to be selected in the image, preferably in close proximity to one another. The first area is characterized as the ‘archaeological area under investigation'while the second is a vegetated non-archaeological area. These two areas are simultaneously examined in detail using spectral signatures, soil lines, and their phenological cycle characteristics. The proposed methodology has been successfully applied in three different areas in Cyprus and Greece, where the authors have already used the technique for validation purposes.     

ESTIMATING THE STATIC STIFFNESS FOR A SPINDLE-TOOLHOLDER-TOOLING SYSTEM

This article focuses on static analysis to integrate the necessary components for the design of spindle-toolholder-tooling systems; the modeling and analysis of the systems is based on a mathematical model using a systematic approach for evaluating the static deflection at the cutting point. The analysis addresses the deflection of most of the components in the system including the spindle shaft, front and rear bearings, toolholder, cutting tool and their corresponding spindle-toolholder and toolholder-tool interfaces modeled with linear (radial) and rotational (tilting) springs. The effects of design parameters on the static performance of these systems are analyzed in order to assess the contribution and the influence of the individual system components. Computations and experimental results show that improvements can be made in the system by adjusting the aforementioned parameters. The proposed strategy is to iteratively predict the tool deflection at the tool tip using the analytical model based on the superposition appoach. The model is simple and it provides tremendous assistance to an engineer to select the proper toolholder and tool for minimum deflection.     

Cutting tool strategies for multifunctional part configurations: Part II—Discussion of experimental and analytical results

The analytical models, developed in Part I [Int J Adv Manuf Technol (1992)7: 59–69] for the optimisation of multistep cutting tools, are evaluated using experimental data. The effectiveness of the proposed approaches utilising the mathematical models from Part I for multifunctional tools, including both multi-step and combination tools, are demonstrated through simulations. The solution schemes and heuristic algorithms used for optimising the aforementioned cutting tool designs are described and explained through simulation examples which involve several tool configuration situations often applicable in a production environment. When the aforementioned cutting tools are utilised in mass production applications, the advantages of lower production cycle time and cost, become obvious through the tutorial of the examples. These simulations clearly demonstrate the benefits obtained when the mathematical models and analytical schemes, developed in Parts I and II, are incorporated in the manufacturing process and system design optimisation analytical tools or expert systems for justifying the use of multi-functional cutting tools.     

Water leakage detection using remote sensing,field spectroscopy and GIS in semiarid areas of Cyprus

Water pipelines need to be systematically monitored in order to minimize losses from possible leakages. In this paper, remote sensing techniques have been exploited in semiarid areas of Cyprus. In addition, ground spectroradiometer has been used to define the leakage's threshold values. The data were analysed in a GIS environment. Two known leakage problems have been examined. In the first case study, a high resolution QuickBird image was used for the detection of the exact point of leakage. In the second case study a multi-temporal analysis was performed using SPOT images. This methodology was able to record 10 possible leakage points along the pipeline. Throughout the 25 km length of the pipeline, the in-situ observations were minimized to only 0.4%. In both studies the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was applied. The final outcomes highlight the contribution of remote sensing to the early detection of leakages especially in difficult and near inaccessible areas.     

Preparation and characterization of mouse intestinal phospholipase

Phospholipase has been prepared in a stable, partially purified form from the small intestine of mice infected with the tapewormHymenolepis nana. The enzyme(s) attacks diacylphosphatides with liberation of free fatty acids and a corresponding decrease in phospholipid phosphorus, without accumulation of lysophosphatides. The reactivity with various substrates is strongly influenced by their physical state, the presence of other lipids, proteins or detergents. The phospholipids of some biomembranes (mitochondria, microsomes, red cell ghosts) are readily hydrolyzed under customary reaction conditions. The ensuing biochemical, morphological and functional alterations have been documented. In contrast, the diacylphospholipids of the cell membrane (intact erythrocytes,Pseudomonas aerunginosa) are not accessible to phospholipase action unless some alteration of the integrity of the cell is induced by physical or chemical means (hemolysis, polymyxin). The enzyme is proposed as a tool for the investigation of biomembranes and as a model for the study of phospholipase activity.     

Phospholipase activity of rat tissues and its modification by trypsin1,2

Treatment with proteolytic enzymes before the addition of the phospholipid substrate increases the activity of the phospholipases of the spleen, thymys, bone marrow, lung, and liver of the rat. In contrast, the phospholipase activity of the intestine, which is higher than that of all other normal tissues, is not increased when incubated with proteases. The results of fractionation studies by high-speed centrifugation and gel filtration and differences in enzyme kinetics support the conclusion that the intestinal phospholipases differ substantially from phospholipases found in the other tissues. Supported in part by Grant No. CA04605-06, US Public Health Service; Contract No. AT-(40-1)-3329, US Atomic Energy Commission. Presented in part at the AOCS Meeting, Houston, April 1965.     

Design characteristics of new types of drill and evaluation of their performance drilling cast iron—II. Drills with three major cutting edges

This paper describes the performance characteristics of a new type of carbide head twist drill with four flutes, four major cutting edges, and one chisel edge. This drill shows great potential for significantly improving drilling accuracy and productivity. The drill produces holes that are as good as reamed holes. The body and point geometries and the cutting characteristics of the four-flute drill are described, along with the accuracies of hole location, angularity, size and roundness. Cutting forces, drill wear and chip morphology during cast iron drilling are also discussed. The four-flute drill deflects and vibrates much less than two-flute drills, especially in interrupted cutting cases. A patent is pending for this drill.