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Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling plays a critical role in the induction and progression of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematous, experimental autoimmune encephalitis, type 1 diabetes mellitus and neurodegenerative diseases. Deciphering antigen recognition by antibodies provides insights and defines the mechanism of action into the progression of immune responses. Multiple strategies, including phage display and hybridoma technologies, have been used to enhance the affinity of antibodies for their respective epitopes. Here, we investigate the TLR4 antibody-binding epitope by computational-driven approach. We demonstrate that three important residues, i.e., Y328, N329, and K349 of TLR4 antibody binding epitope identified upon in silico mutagenesis, affect not only the interaction and binding affinity of antibody but also influence the structural integrity of TLR4. Furthermore, we predict a novel epitope at the TLR4-MD2 interface which can be targeted and explored for therapeutic antibodies and small molecules. This technique provides an in-depth insight into antibody–antigen interactions at the resolution and will be beneficial for the development of new monoclonal antibodies. Computational techniques, if coupled with experimental methods, will shorten the duration of rational design and development of antibody therapeutics.  相似文献   
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The effect of metal(Ti,Ni,and Au) electrodes on humidity sensing properties of electrospun TiO2 nanofibers was investigated in this work.The devices were fabricated by evaporating metal contacts on SiO2 layer thermally grown on silicon substrate.The separation between the electrodes was 90μm for all sensors.The sensors were tested from 40%to 90%relative humidity(RH) by AC electrical characterization at room temperature. When sensors are switched between 40%and 90%RH,the corresponding response and recovery time are 3 s and 5 s for Ti-electrode sensor,4 s and 7 s for Ni-electrode sensor,and 7 s and 13 s for Au-electrode sensor.The hysteresis was 3%,5%and 15%for Ti-,Ni-,and Au-electrode sensor,respectively.The sensitivity of Ti,Ni,and Au-electrode sensors are 7.53 MΩ/%RH,5.29 MΩ/%RH and 4.01 MΩ/%RH respectively at 100 Hz.Therefore Ti-electrode sensor is found to have linear response,fast response and recovery time and higher sensitivity as compared with those of Ni- and Au-electrode sensors.Comparison of humidity sensing properties of sensors with different electrode material may propose a compelling route for designing and optimizing humidity sensors.  相似文献   
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Farmyard manure (FYM-BC) and poultry manure (PM-BC) derived biochars were applied as adsorbents to remove Cd2+ from water. Results indicated that PM-BC was a more efficient adsorbent than FYM-BC at all experimental conditions. Maximum Cd2+ adsorption was observed at pH 4, temperature 318 K and contact time 1 h, regardless of biochar type. The Langmuir model predicted maximum adsorption capacity of 90.09 mg g?1 for PM-BC. The data fitting to pseudo-second-order model proposed chemisorption of Cd2+ onto biochars. Thermodynamics indicated that adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic. Post-adsorption analysis provided evidences of strong chemical interactions between biochars’ functional groups and Cd2+ ions.  相似文献   
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Chronic liver disease (CLD) is a global threat to the human population, with manifestations resulting from alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) and non-alcohol fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD, if not treated, may progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Furthermore, inflammation leads to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Vitexin, a natural flavonoid, has been recently reported for inhibiting NAFLD. It is a lipogenesis inhibitor and activates lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation. In addition, owing to its antioxidant properties, it appeared as a hepatoprotective candidate. However, it exhibits low bioavailability and low efficacy due to its hydrophobic nature. A novel rat model for liver cirrhosis was developed by CCL4/Urethane co-administration. Vitexin encapsulated liposomes were synthesized by the ‘thin-film hydration’ method. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was coated on liposomes to enhance stability and stealth effect. The diseased rats were then treated with vitexin and PEGylated vitexin liposomes, administered intravenously and orally. Results ascertained the liposomal encapsulation of vitexin and subsequent PEG coating to be a substantial strategy for treating liver cirrhosis through oral drug delivery.  相似文献   
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The Co1?x Zn x (x=0.4?0.5) nanorods were synthesized via an AC electrochemical deposition method into anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) templates at different voltages ranging from 10 to 18 V, and nanorods of varying concentrations of Co and Zn were obtained. The characterization tools were used to examine different aspects of nanorods, e.g., shape, size, morphology, chemical composition, and magnetic behavior. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images show that CoZn nanorods have length L=1μm and diameter d=50 nm. The grain size was calculated to be 25.4 nm using an X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The XRD also shows some other phases of ZnCoO. The M?H loops measured by a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) at room temperature show pure ferromagnetic behavior at all AC potentials. The nanorods show magnetic isotropic behavior due to strong magnetic interactions and presence of random nanorods. The potential-dependent coercivity H c and saturation magnetization M s show a non-linear curve which is explained on the basis of magnetic islands and domain wall pinning. This study is useful to tune the magnetic properties of nanorods by a simple and low-cost technique.  相似文献   
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Social media data are rapidly increasing and constitute a source of user opinions and tips on a wide range of products and services. The increasing availability of such big data on biased reviews and blogs creates challenges for customers and businesses in reviewing all content in their decision-making process. To overcome this challenge, extracting suggestions from opinionated text is a possible solution. In this study, the characteristics of suggestions are analyzed and a suggestion mining extraction process is presented for classifying suggestive sentences from online customers’ reviews. A classification using a word-embedding approach is used via the XGBoost classifier. The two datasets used in this experiment relate to online hotel reviews and Microsoft Windows App Studio discussion reviews. F1, precision, recall, and accuracy scores are calculated. The results demonstrated that the XGBoost classifier outperforms—with an accuracy of more than 80%. Moreover, the results revealed that suggestion keywords and phrases are the predominant features for suggestion extraction. Thus, this study contributes to knowledge and practice by comparing feature extraction classifiers and identifying XGBoost as a better suggestion mining process for identifying online reviews.  相似文献   
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Granulation of hydrophobic powders is frequently required in the pharmaceutical industry. The structural complexity of new drug molecules mean that is increasingly common for entire classes of drug compounds to be highly hydrophobic. This creates considerable difficulty in understanding, controlling and trouble-shooting these industrial granulation processes.There have been many recent advances in granulation theory. Essential to this theory is that wetting and spreading of the fluid through the powder particles is a prerequisite for good granulation. The possibility of a fine, hydrophobic powder spreading over the surface of the liquid during nucleation has been identified theoretically based on surface chemistry and as a potential nucleation mechanism. Recently, investigation confirmed that nucleation can occur by spreading of the sub-micron particles around the template drop to form a “liquid marble”. The hollow granule structure formed by the “solid-spreading” nucleation mechanism suggests the possibility of using the controlled, open granule structure to manufacture designer structured agglomerates with advantageous properties, including controlled granule structure and size and excellent ideal flow and handling properties. This paper describes single drop solid-spreading nucleation experiments where single fluid droplets are placed onto loosely packed powder beds of hydrophobic powders and the formation of the powder shell observed. Experimental results and observations for some model systems are presented, together with a preliminary framework for liquid marble formation.  相似文献   
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This article presents a comparison analysis of OMIT (Ozone Monitoring Instrument retrieved overpass total ozone column (TOC)), and DOST (Dobson Ozone Spectrophotometer observed TOC) over Delhi during a period from October 2004 to June 2011. Megacity Delhi, located in Indo-Gangetic Basin, is an important site for comparison of ground-based and satellite retrieved TOCs due to significant anthropogenic emissions of ozone precursors, large shift in seasons, and large-scale crop residue burning in the region. DOST and OMIT data show an overall bias of 3.07% and significant correlation with coefficient of determination R2 = 0.73. Large seasonal fluctuations in the biases and correlations have been observed ranging from 2.46% (winter) to 3.82% (spring), and R2 = 0.84 (winter) to R2 = 0.09 (summer), respectively. The large biases are attributed to changes in temperature, cloud cover, pollutants emissions from urban area, and crop-residue burning events. We also find notable variations in correlations between the datasets due to the varying burden of absorbing aerosols from open field crop-residue burning. The R2 has changed from 0.67 (for aerosol optical depth, AOD 1.5–3.5) to 0.77 (for AOD 0–0.99). The dependence of the bias on solar zenith angle, cloud fraction, and satellite distance is also discussed. A simple linear regression analysis is applied to check the linkage between DOST and OMIT. The influence of atmospheric air temperature and relative humidity on OMIT at different pressure levels between 1000 and 20 hPa has been discussed.  相似文献   
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