Bioconversion of shrimp shell waste for the production of antioxidant and chitosan used as fruit juice clarifier

The pH, proteolytic activity, extent of demineralisation and deprotenisation of shrimp waste were studied during 7 days of fermentation using Pseudomonas aeruginosa A2. After 3 days, pH dropped from 7.0 to 4.4 and then remained constant. Simultaneously, a demineralisation of 92% was achieved. However, protease activity reached its highest level (1230 U mL^?1) after 1 day of incubation, and a protein removal of 90% was achieved. Chitin obtained was converted to chitosan. This chitosan, with 73% deacetylation, was tested for clarification of different fruit juices. It was observed that low concentrations of chitosan (below to 1%) greatly increase the clarity of juices without affecting the nutritional value. The antioxidant activity of the hydrolysates produced during fermentation was tested. Hydrolysate obtained after 3 days showed the strongest scavenging activity (90%), which was comparable to the positive control BHA; however, that obtained after 1 day exhibited the highest ferric‐reducing antioxidant power (OD 700 nm = 1.7).     

Audio watermarking technique in frequency domain: comparative study MDCT Vs DCT

Digital watermarking is the art of hiding information in a digital document in order to protect it. The inserted mark and the marked document can be an image, an audio or a video. In this article, we will present a comparative study between two variants of a digital audio watermarking technique operating in the frequency domain. In the first variant, the time-frequency mapping is performed by Modified Discrete Cosine Transform (MDCT). For the second variant, the time-frequency mapping is performed by the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT). We will study the contribution of each transformation, point of view robustness against different types of attacks delivered by Stirmark audio, imperceptibility by using a statistical approach by calculating the SNR and an objective approach by calculating the ODG notes given by PEAQ and capacity of insertion. Finally, to highlight our results, we will compare the two variants of the proposed technique with some other existing techniques.